all of europe. yeah. just say that they see it as united states kind of meddling. their sphere of influence that they earned with their soldiers killed. yeah now that's a great question, which we should pick up does the marshall plan reach into eastern europe. does it medal in the soviet sphere of influence? does it option to invite country exactly gives the opera marshall speech and the initial invitation to come come and talk about marshall aid. so everyone's invited. everybody's invited this it is a policy against no individual state they say it has no ideological objectives. so the open invitation is indeed to the eastern european states. what do the europeans leaders do remember? a couple of them the checks and others rsvp for it yeah, we'll see you there. yeah. there's initial interest. of course, there's terrible economic hardship in crisis. so some eastern european states. it's very tempted by this. the soviets say no stalin says sorry you can't do it precisely because he's afraid that this

responsible for the distribution of aid to europe. wilson appointed hoover to head up the new organization while he was shutting down the crb, and the u.s. food administration. in his new role designed to bring relief to europe, hoover again wanted complete control over this organization. because the united states was again providing nearly all of the food that was being shipped to europe and the sols on loan from the united states army who would assist in food distribution were also being paid by american taxpayers. however, senator henry cabot lodge, no friend of wilson, attached that prohibited the distribution of food to former enemies, particularly germany and austria, two of the poorest and most food deprived nations in all of europe. he bert got around the provisions by giving the money to british officials which was perfectly legal, and then the british officials loaned the money to germany, which was not specifically prohibited. thus the germans and the austrians used the money to purchase food supplies. the british kept the

turning her back on the past, she looks to europe and north america. before the war, the trade of south america with europe was nearly $1 billion per year. the trade with the united states was somewhat less. south america sold raw materials to europe and used money to buy manufactured goods. and of course there was much , trade between europe and the united states. thus, a triangle of trade was erected between three continents. this three cornered relationship was not a simple the variety of one. climate and resources produced a variety of trade. the caribbean area, largely tropical, produced coffee, sugar, chewing gum and bananas. 50% of the trade of this area was with the united states. the west coast, mountainous and dry, produced cotton, cocoa, and minerals. only one quarter of its trade went to the united states. the amazon area of brazil sold manganese, cocoa and coffee to the united states but a great deal more coffee and cotton to europe. the temperate area of argentina, uruguay and paraguay produced wheat, corn, and wool. it sent these product

day in europe at the end of 1945. the allies had been victorious in europe. rings were looking good for churchill, for harry truman, and of course the other of the big three in the alliance, joseph stalin in the soviet union. they had won the war in europe. shortly thereafter, there was an election in britain, a general election. and churchill's party lost the election. so arguably the most recognizable figure in the world, winston churchill, is denied a job. he is no longer prime minister. and he is by all accounts someone taken aback, somewhat depressed. his wife, clementine churchill, famously said to winston, winston, this is a blessing in disguise, to which winston replied, "well, it's very effectively disguised." churchill was not in the greatest of spirits after the election loss. but it was really on the heels of that loss that he received an invitation from westminster college here at fulton, missouri, where we are broadcasting from here today. and the president of the college, a gentleman named michael coors, said we would like you to deliver a foun

it is hard to see how europe can fully recover, as long as trade with eastern europe remains at the present low levels. i had my ideas pretty well sorted out by the time that i went to visit our airmen at their base. europe has recovered. the 1938 level but that's not enough. in europe with a greater population and more social justice must have a far higher production level. above all, there must be greater integration. our men knew this. you can go ahead and ask questions. >> mrs. roosevelt, did you see a definite improvement in these countries visited? receiving martial aid. >> yes, i have taken particular trouble to see our people everywhere, and to actually ask. nations have done different things in different countries. i think eca has done a really outstanding job. i am not sure that everywhere, they would be ready to stand on their own feet. [applause] i have been on a very short trip but i've been to a number of countries, and one impression is outstandingly clear. the interdependence of these nations, i personally believe we must continue our aid to there, but they must work closer

. >> you will enter the continent of europe and in conjunction with other united nations, under take operations aimed at the heart of germany and the destruction of her armed forces. this was without a doubt the most difficult assignment ever given to one man. the brilliance with which he answered this challenge marks him as one of our greatest soldiers. mr. raymond massey, distinguished actor now brings you some of the finest moments in our history. the story of the general of the army dwight d. eisenhower. ♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪ >> the time is june 1945. the occasion, the return to his homeland of a war hero whose stature has seldom been matched in the esteem of his countrymen. the european phase of the greatest war america ever fought is over and part of the warmth with which the people of abilene, kansas, greet general dwight d. eisenhower reflects the deep joy of a nation approaching peace again. some of it is the kind of welcome any hometown might give a favorite son who has done a good job. but more than anything else, it is a tribute. a gratitude felt in every corner of

it is hard to see how europe can fully recover as long as trade with eastern europe remains at present low levels. i had my ideas pretty well sorted out by the time i went to visit our airmen at the base. europe has recovered. but it is not enough. europe with a greater population and more social justice must have a higher production level, above all there must be greater integration, our men knew this. go ahead, ask questions. >> mrs. roosevelt, did you see a definite improvement in these countries visited? those receiving the eight? >> oh, yes, i think in particular trouble to see. and to actually ask. now we've done different things. nations have done different things in different countries.

as germany was was swallowing up pieces of europe and all of europe for that. matter and when it became necessary to form an alliance with the soviets he did so by a matter of necessity it was you know, churchill was a shrewd politician and geo geopolitics was you know, the arena that he loved to play in and was very effective and he made that decision with with out of necessity really and ultimately was it was the right decision, but he knew and and that's really coming back to the iron curtain speech that once the war was over they needed to go back and deal with the soviets and and really that's in large measure what what the speech is about and it's about standing up to the soviets but not alone but forming an angle american alliance or a special relationship. he called it in this speech only that relationship and and and the quote played earlier the expansion of democracy liberty and freedom that the two countries have long shared that churchill says, you know in the magna carta and the bill of rights and he says in the iron curtain speech that reached the

if europe is not afraid of the soviets, if europe is living peacefully, they are going to, quite logically, say thank you for your service, american army, who has been there since 1945. we would like you to go home now. you are not actually that popular in many places in the world, because, frankly, no one likes to have an occupying army in their country, even an ally. and there was a lot of fire and fury politically throughout the 19 eighties over the deployment of, for example, american short-range nuclear weapons. think about what i just said and the geography of that. the united states wanted to deploy short-range nuclear weapons in germany, with a range of about 15 kilometers. the phrase that went around at that time, in the german parliament, was, you have to understand, the shorter the missile, the dead or the german. they understood that the american armies presents, in a sense, was a reason for the soviets, in their weird logic, to keep their military presence. once you have to military presence is, anything can happen. bush and those around him feared that americans might be aske

fought overseas in europe during world war ii. this is and here's a photo of some of the the black women who served in europe. black americans and the military during world war ii faced racism and discrimination really horrible treatment in europe both by white american soldiers and sometimes by europeans the troops are segregated by race. they lived in seven often lived in segregated barracks. many relegated to menial duties some veterans that i talked to during my reporting told me that um black soldiers are often ill-treated and that sometimes the german prisoners were actually treated better than the black american soldiers the german prisoners. sometimes had more rights and privileges given to them than black american soldiers. it's really a very jarring scene to imagine. i'd like to pause for a moment to greet our viewers who are watching us from all around the country. good morning to you. thank you for joining us from omaha, nebraska, boynton beach, florida, farmington, connecticut tullahoma tennessee, not far away and reh

europe matters but a strong united germany in the center of europe that could be a threat. so baker sets out to persuade both those leaders as well as the other europeans. that a united germany anchored in nato. would enable the rest of europe to live peacefully knowing the germany would not have any ability to build its own nuclear capacity. yes, the economy would be strong but that strong economy could also be a bulwark against the soviet union. this is a long way of saying. that the emergence of germany are united, germany. was thanks to. president george h.w. bush brent scowcroft his second national security advisor and secretary of state james bacon. that's fascinating that diana. bakers one of his great skills was in his personal relationships that he used to great effect and notably foreign minister edward chevron nazi became very close to him. yes, and i remember in fact an incident of what horse tellchic good friend of mine. who was helm of kohl's national security advisor. we were talking i asked did it was there any point in when you thought this is all going to

it would ratify the post cold war settlement in europe. given the stormy past of that region, inhabitants are said to produce more histories than they can consume locally. everyone should wish to see it settle economically and politically inside a stable european structure. why was this not done? why was every obstacle put in the way of the new market democracies? why were their exports subject to the kind of absurd quotas that have until now been reserved for japan? why is there still no room at the inn? the answer is that the european union was too busy contemplating its own naval. both the commission and the majority -- [ applause ] both the commission and the majority of member governments were committed to an early beating of the european union. that is, centralizing more power in the european union's super national institutions. they felt a widening of it, that is admitting new members would complicate, obstruct or prevent this process. while the deepening went ahead, they arranged to keep the central europeans out by the diplomats'

facing tattered barriers in western europe, central europe began to erect their own. and those politicians there who had bravely pursued tough-minded policies of economic reform, believing that they were following the advice of european leaders, found themselves left in the lurch when the going got rough. only the czech republic under the very able leadership of klaus has remained on course to a normal society. in the last few years, the democratic reformers have fallen one by one in the former communist satellites to be replaced by neo communist governments. transitions to a market economy without tiers. this is a tragedy in itself and an avoidable one. but with russia politically into a more authoritarian nationalist course and central europe's membership of nato still unsettled, it has more than merely economic implications. which brings me to my last example of institutional failure, most of it only a partial one counter balanced by some successes, a namely nato. nato is a very fine military instrument. it won the cold war when it had a clear military doctrine, bu

the invitation of american power into europe. if it is an empire, it is one that is cooperative and collaborative between western states and the united states. it is true, obviously the u.s. settles on a policy that is a sharp departure from the cooperative approach that roosevelt had hoped for. it is true, i think, the u.s. bears responsibility for worsening cold war relations. worsening tensions. and, for making a peaceful resolution of u.s., soviet differences probably if unlikely impossible. but, they did it in collaboration and cooperation with thousands of allies on the european continent, and millions of europeans thought that this was a forward-looking, reasonable solution that they could support, and indeed that they could welcome. these are policy choices that are undertaken with cooperation. europeans are very well aware of what is going on in eastern europe at the same time. they understand there is an alternative form of imperial control that is not just a theoretical idea out there, but a real possibility that he co

peoples of europe. england, ireland, scotland, scandinavia, the lowlands, germany, switzerland, france, spain, portugal, italy, greece, turkey, eastern and central europe. tamednd their descendents the wilderness and created one nation, the united states of america. memorials mark the first settlements on the atlantic coast. boston was founded in 1630. here, the declaration of independence was read from the balcony of old statehouse. like other bustling cities of america, boston has quiet corners. landmarks like the flower market give it a reassuring sense of tradition and time. harvard university is just over 300 years old, the first to be founded in this young country. 200 miles southwest, new york city is a world by itself. once a small dutch village, it is now a giant with 1000 buildings reaching to the sky, a gateway to the united states. people's 166 million place their interest rate in many nations. their talentsof have enriched the country. through them, an area almost the size of europe was uni

and europe. they've nina -- they haven't taken into consideration of climate change, and inequality issues. to be frank with you. it means also as well, while i do endorsed have any regional trade agreement with countries or region, which does not comply with the paris agreement, but we also have to assess the pros and cons of this agenda. so, it should be must more sophisticated, but more than that. what we should work on very actively, or together in the coming months and years, it's to build a common agenda between the world trade organization, the eye a low, the imf and our multi lateral regulation of climate change and biodiversity. putting phase are different tracks and agenda, is the only way to build the new sustainable openness and trade agenda. let me go to the second question, about our youth and this new generation. i share your concern and your willingness to i dress this issue to this generation. i have to say that, this generation probably understand much more than ours the importa

but before he was able to get to europe, the war ended. and the late 19 twenties, after graduation from the command and general staff school, major dwight eisenhower was assigned to france to prepare a guidebook on american battlefields in europe. it was his first direct experience with that continent. with the thirties came other signs. service under general douglas mcarthur, commander in chief of the philippine army, to help the commonwealth government work out a plan for its military defense. ordered back to the states in december 1939, lieutenant colonel eisenhower went as an adviser to infantry regiments. and the dark spring of 1940, german armored divisions were crashing through columns in belgium. the luftwaffe way sweeping its destruction through europe's skies. beleaguered britain stood alone. the united states had passed the selective service act to prepare for what lay ahead. and the biggest challenge in eisenhower's life was to aid in that preparation. late in 1940, he was made chief of staff of the third division, which brough

beyond the horizon like other battlefield, europe and asia. the sun moves west, toward the two americas. mountain and lake and plane, that lies 1000 miles further east than the ark. lies closer to europe in the northeast than to the knighted states in the northwest. it is not one place, it is 1000 places. light strikes the palms, morning begins over a continent. ♪ it is not one place, it is 1000 places. the sun flashes down the harbor of rio de janeiro. the continent of south america, not mountain and the jungle alone, but great cities. buenos aires, the third largest city in the western hemisphere. 2000 miles to the northwest, the summit glimpse across the mighty amazon. in caracas, soldiers in the barracks begin their day. high in the andes, in peru, the sun touches the inca ruins, reminders of a civilization that florist before the coming of the conquistadors. -- that flourished before the coming of conquistadors. the new civilization of south america works and lives and trades the rest of the world. turning her back on the past, she look

generally, and central and eastern europe. by the time who were left her home in september 1919, he and the ar a had provided some 28 million tons of food, and supplies valued in the billions, all collected and distributed after the end of the war. it all perhaps of in participated in hoover's relief efforts humber-st. by starvation and disease, some 15 million children were renewed in health, giving them a chance for a productive future. hoover's biography -- biographer, george h. nash writes that hoover was responsible for saving the lives of more people than anyone in history. with the end of the war, his involvement and humanitarian missions, who were trying to focus on his future. he considered opening another office and returning to mining, which he never did. he considered many business opportunities, but never focused on any of them. he even considered a run for the presidency in 1920, as both major political parties recording him. his enthusiasm for the office was only halfhearted. he wrote ad articles and delivered m

neither was the risk of western europe deceived. at the same time, we, the united states announced our own intention to develop sti, the strategic defense initiative to hasten the day when the nuclear nightmare was ended forever and our children's dreams were no longer marred by the specter of instant annihilation of course, not everyone agreed with such a course. for years, it has been suggested by some opinion makers that all would be well in the world if only the united states lowered its profile. some of the more not only lower profile, they would also lower our flag. i disagreed. i thought that the 19 eighties, were time to stop apologizing for america's legitimate national interest, and start asserting them. [applause] i was by no means alone. margaret thatcher and helmet coal, reinforce the message that the west would not be blackmailed, and that the only rational course, was to retire and return to peace, or return to the bargaining table in geneva, and work out arms reductions, fair to both sides. a new soviet leader appear

early entry into europe was the wish of the new democracies. it would help to them politically and smooth their transition to market economies it would ratify post cold war settlement in europe given the stormy past of that region, the inhabitants are said to produce more histories that they can consume locally everyone should have wish to see a saddled economically and prolifically inside a stable european structure if i was this not done? why was every obstacle put in the way of the new market democracies? why were there experts subject to the kind of absurd quotas that have until now been reserved? and why is there still no room at the in? but the answer is that the european union was too busy contemplating its own naval, both the commission and -- but -- both the commission and the majority of member governments were committed to an early deepening of the european union. that is, centralizing more power in the european union's supernatural institutions that they felt a widening of it, that is admitting new members would complicate, obstruct

in the allied forces in europe. he was touring the newly liberated or drift concentration camp nearby after that tour eisenhower to the pentagon and wrote about how important he felt. it was to document nazi crimes to make sure that no one could ever deny what had happened. so scott was really among the first americans to document holocaust atrocities. historians and anybody who wants to study in commemorate the holocaust. oh him and the other liberators a debt of gratitude for recording what they saw the long-lasting impact of his efforts demonstrate the power of a person's action. he was documenting the history of the holocaust armed with just his camera. and for those who are interested learning more about this subject, we did a program just last month as part of black history month about african-american soldiers who served in the us military and about what they saw and also about the ways that their own experience of even violent racial discrimination shaped their reaction to seeing crimes in europe. we have ju

the nazis have been chasing him all across europe. but darts character is sure that they would figure out how to get visas. but the character doesn't read as jewish. as many of the characters in casablanca don't. so there was a reluctance among the hollywood studio system to specifically mention jews, even though you hear about a language of concentration camps like -- in movies like casablanca. >> you have been chasing them all over europe. >> by 1942, america is at war, and our nation has changed significantly by going to war. our military doubles in size. you have millions of women entering the workforce. we still to go to war with a summer gated army, but african americans launch a double v campaign arguing for victory against racism at home, against fascism abroad, one ofe point we wanted to make to,fnñr visitors in 1942 was that americans learn about what nazis called the final solution. we are showing how that affirmation makes it from the u.s. government to the eu s public between august and november of 1942. this man is the

as supreme commander he led armies in the liberation of europe. there for the second time in a generation american boys had joined in the cause of freedom. ♪ they went home, their country sought to help them resume a peaceful life. schools opened their doors to millions of veterans. ever since it began, the united states has seen a constant growth of education. a high school diploma is now almost taken for granted. every year 2.5 million students enroll in the universities and professional schools. many of the young men who had fought in north africa and normandy went back to the farms. they went back to working the earth in the quiet rhythm of the seasons. they reaffirmed their spiritual values, different faiths living side by side in mutual respect, in the belief many are the ways to god. ♪ americans have a keen sense of fraternity. should a neighbor's livelihood be jeopardized, they are quick to lend their labor and their time to help rebuild. this tradition stems from the days of the pioneers. it's this same trait that moved the american p

he's a decorated soldier who fought the nazis in europe. he returns to the united states and he's again discharged with honor from the army. he takes a bus south heading home to south carolina. on the way home on the bus. he asked the bus driver whether he could stop to use the restroom. there was a policy for bus drivers to allow passengers to take a bathroom break. as len pointed out many of the soldiers who came back after having thought for democracy in europe were expecting to be treated with some sense of dignity here in the united states. to be treated with honor to be treated with respect to be treated as equals. so isaac sargent isaac, what would is on the spas traveling south? the bus driver does not want to stop to allow him to use the restroom. um there may have been. somewhat of a you know a confrontation on the bus verbal content confrontation on the bus. we're not quite sure what happened, but at the next town the bus driver stops, he calls the police. the police chief and the south carolina town greets the bus he pulls serge

and he was sent to europe in the summer of 1944 to fight against nazi germany. while he was there in the bring of 1945, william saw nazi brutality firsthand. his battalion was sent to bare witness to the atrocities at one of the concentration camps. i do think it's important to remember how young so many soldiers were. he was 22 at this point, but so many of his fellow soldiers were 19, 20, 21 years old and witnessing things that we can't imagine. william was obviously horrified by what he saw, but he also understood the value of documenting. and he managed to take photos including this one here. some of his photos are very graphic and difficult to look at, but that is what he and the other young soldiers were seeing. you can see in this photo both black and white soldiers witnessing liberation. >> indeed, what sergeant scott and his peers saw was very, very brutal. piles of bodies, emaciated survivors, prisons walking around. we have a video clip from 1981 reflecting back on how shocked he was when she saw the concentration camp. >> i said, it looks just like a

of a post-war europe but that overlooks the reality of europe at the stage in the war if we look at the blue on the east side of the map. this is all the red army. occupies and controls and this is going to be the thing that's going to shape. the european settlement much more than whether or not the americans take berlin or the soviets. take berlin because what truman's going to have to wrestle with. is the reality of the auto agreement in this conference happened in february of 1945 and it's between roosevelt who seated in the middle? churchill who is on the screen's left roosevelt's right and stalin who's on the screen's right roosevelt's left. this is the big three and they're coming to discuss what a post-war europe is going to look like who is going to be responsible for occupying which countries and what are these occupied countries? going to do how do we move them from liberated and occupied? to autonomous and independent and one of the things that the alta conference codifies is self-determination that the countries of a newly liberated europe. should be able to determine their

russia is part of europe. and i think this is very important whatever happens on this part of the horizon, a big part of the world. clearly the history of president putin and other leaders, they have common values. history, literature, culture, mind set. and we have to take that into consideration. second, we have our geography. it's impossible to have peace and stability in europe today if you are not in a situation to negotiate with russia. and for different reasons, largely due to aggression and the nato expansion, we created a situation where we pushed our borders to a maximum place at the east, but we didn't manage to decrease the border. i think our we should find a common way to build peace and security for the whole continent. which means, having a dialogue on cyber aggressiveness, obviously, on any aggression, on our critical countries, i would say, in this very sensitive area where you have ukraine. we need a political discussion with russia about that. otherwise, it will be our willingness to protec

reason for my trip to europe, was to -- . i think all the people present realized that the statue of my husband, with a gratitude to one man but also to the people of united states. and the ideals for which they stand, peace and justice. in which they hope to achieve through cooperation of the free nations of europe. >> to find how that cooperation in sport was working out, i want to see for myself even though much of my time, was taken up by public functions. even so i thought i could get 90th of what was being accomplished. norway is making progress in housing. government is doing public building but some private building is also going up. the funds have been put for buying essentials. there is advancement being made on the economic front. and shipping is very important to the norwegian, and this coming back strong. the fishing industries, which the war also destroyed is flourishing again. >> ♪ ♪ ,. -- ,. ,. . our next stop, was stop him sweden, where i was particularly struck by the scandinavian cities seem to have no

it takes people, different ethnic groups from europe. remember what i said earlier about how not all white people are white people. there are different groups of white people. you can see that it sort people out by their proclivity for sex crimes. so people from the generic group or baltic regions of europe. basically southern and eastern europeans are more likely to be skirt chasers as opposed to these pure nordic times are all ultra soft control and discipline. they will not do anything nasty. but this is a kind of racial or ethnic stereotyping in nativism.

negroponte was a global fellow at the wilson centers global europe program. where she focuses on the uk's global role in following following its departure from the eu. her focus derives from her i'm at the european commission and her leadership of the conservative parties international office in the 1970s. with belgian and british parents, she was involved in british politics and relations with the europe until her to a us diplomat. at the wilson center. she has been researching a diplomatic history of the last years of the cold war focused on the role of secretary of state james r baker the product of which her new book will be discussing today. published in december 2020 her book i'll hold it up for everyone to see. focuses on the unification of germany and the strength of us alliances to repel saddam hussein from kuwait and to bring both israel and palestinian leaders to negotiate directly. congratulations diana wonderful to finally see this in print having been your neighbor and colleague at the wilson center and engaged in many wonderful discussions on t

again, one cannot imagine a regenerated europe without a strong france. all my public life i have worked for a strong france and i never lost faith in her destiny, even in the darkest hours. i will not lose faith now. [applause] however, in a great number of countries far from the russian frontiers and throughout the world, communist fifth columns are established and work in complete unity and absolute obedience to the directions they receive from the communist centre. except in the british commonwealth and in the united states, where communism is in its infancy, communist parties or fifth columns constitute a growing challenge and peril to christian civilisation. these are somber facts for anyone to have to recite on the morrow of a victory gained by so much splendid comradeship in arms, and in the cause of freedom and democracy; but we should be most unwise not to face them squarely while time remains. the outlook is also anxious in the far east and especially in manchuria. the agreement which was made at yalta, to which i was a party, was extremely fav

forces in europe. u.s. soldiers and their families are gathered together here in germany nearly 4000 miles from home to welcome their preside[e] >> company by vice chancellor ehrhardt, the president places himself not in the hands of his forces. it underlines the political reasons were kennedy's european visit. french, canadian and german units stand side-by-side with the president. moon river, one of mr. kennedy's favorites, floats over the parade area. ♪ >> clearly, the president is doing a thorough job of his visit with the troops. they represent american strength in germany on the proliferate of the free world. a warning off of communist aggression. great geographical fact cannot be overlooked. the border of the soviet zone of germany is less than 60 miles away. and behind it are soviet divisions. kennedy speaks to his fellow countrymen, but his words contain a clear message to his european partners. for the past 18 years, the united states as backed up its belief in the fleet world by making many per

europe will be within target range. and on present trends a direct threat to american shores is likely to mature if that is the right word early in the next century. ad weapons of mass destruction to rogue states. and you have a highly toxic compound. as a cia has pointed out of the nations that have or are acquiring weapons of mass destruction many are led by megalomaniacs and strong men of proven inhumanity. or by week unstable or illegitimate governments in some instances the potential capabilities at the command of these unpredictable figures. either equal to or even more destructive than the soviet threat to the west in the 1960s it is that serious. indeed it is more serious than that we in the west may have to deal with a number of possible adversaries each with different characteristics in some cases their mentalities differ from ours even more than those of our old cold war enemy. so the potential for misunderstanding is great, and we was therefore be very clear in our own minds about our strategic intentions. a

kennedy traveled to europe with first lady jacqueline kennedy. next, on reel america "the task begun: president kennedy in europe." this u.s. information service film shows highlights of the trip, including meetings with french president charles de gaulle, two days of talks with soviet premier nikita khrushchev in vienna, and a stop in london to meet with british prime minister harold macmillan. >> at his inauguration as president of the united states in january 1961, john f. kennedy said -- >> so let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness and sincerity is always subject to proof. ♪ >> from the white house in washington on june 6, 1961, president kennedy spoke to the american people. >> good evening, my fellow citizens. i returned this morning from a weeklong trip to europe. and i want to report to you on that trip in full. it was in every sense an unforgettable experience. >> the presidential plane landed in paris. president charles de gaulle greeted the american chief executive. mr. kennedy described