all of europe. yeah. just say that they see it as united states kind of meddling. their sphere of influence that they earned with their soldiers killed. yeah now that's a great question, which we should pick up does the marshall plan reach into eastern europe. does it medal in the soviet sphere of influence? does it option to invite country exactly gives the opera marshall speech and the initial invitation to come come and talk about marshall aid. so everyone's invited. everybody's invited this it is a policy against no individual state they say it has no ideological objectives. so the open invitation is indeed to the eastern european states. what do the europeans leaders do remember? a couple of them the checks and others rsvp for it yeah, we'll see you there. yeah. there's initial interest. of course, there's terrible economic hardship in crisis. so some eastern european states. it's very tempted by this. the soviets say no stalin says sorry you can't do it precisely because he's afraid that this

peoples of europe. england, ireland, scotland, scandinavia, the lowlands, germany, switzerland, france, spain, portugal, italy, greece, turkey, eastern and central europe. tamednd their descendents the wilderness and created one nation, the united states of america. memorials mark the first settlements on the atlantic coast. boston was founded in 1630. here, the declaration of independence was read from the balcony of old statehouse. like other bustling cities of america, boston has quiet corners. landmarks like the flower market give it a reassuring sense of tradition and time. harvard university is just over 300 years old, the first to be founded in this young country. 200 miles southwest, new york city is a world by itself. once a small dutch village, it is now a giant with 1000 buildings reaching to the sky, a gateway to the united states. people's 166 million place their interest rate in many nations. their talentsof have enriched the country. through them, an area almost the size of europe was uni

but before he was able to get to europe, the war ended. and the late 19 twenties, after graduation from the command and general staff school, major dwight eisenhower was assigned to france to prepare a guidebook on american battlefields in europe. it was his first direct experience with that continent. with the thirties came other signs. service under general douglas mcarthur, commander in chief of the philippine army, to help the commonwealth government work out a plan for its military defense. ordered back to the states in december 1939, lieutenant colonel eisenhower went as an adviser to infantry regiments. and the dark spring of 1940, german armored divisions were crashing through columns in belgium. the luftwaffe way sweeping its destruction through europe's skies. beleaguered britain stood alone. the united states had passed the selective service act to prepare for what lay ahead. and the biggest challenge in eisenhower's life was to aid in that preparation. late in 1940, he was made chief of staff of the third division, which brough

beyond the horizon lie other battlefields, europe and asia. the sun moves west, toward the two americas. mountain and lake and plain, it lies 1000 miles further east than new york. lies closer to europe in the northeast than to the united states in the northwest. it is not one place, it is 1000 places. light strikes the palms of natal. morning begins over a continent. ♪ it is not one place, it is 1000 places. the sun flashes down the harbor of rio de janeiro. the continent of south america, not mountain and jungle alone, but great cities. buenos aires, the third largest city in the western hemisphere. 2000 miles to the northwest, the sun glints across the mighty amazon. ♪ and in caracas, the soldiers in the new white barracks begin their day. high in the andes, in peru, the sun touches the inca ruins, reminders of a civilization that flourished before the coming of the conquistadors. but the new civilization of south america lives and works in trades with the rest of the world. turning her back on these symbols of the past, she looks to eu

facing tattered barriers in western europe, central europe began to erect their own. and those politicians there who had bravely pursued tough-minded policies of economic reform, believing that they were following the advice of european leaders, found themselves left in the lurch when the going got rough. only the czech republic under the very able leadership of klaus has remained on course to a normal society. in the last few years, the democratic reformers have fallen one by one in the former communist satellites to be replaced by neo communist governments. transitions to a market economy without tiers. this is a tragedy in itself and an avoidable one. but with russia politically into a more authoritarian nationalist course and central europe's membership of nato still unsettled, it has more than merely economic implications. which brings me to my last example of institutional failure, most of it only a partial one counter balanced by some successes, a namely nato. nato is a very fine military instrument. it won the cold war when it had a clear military doctrine, bu

responsible for the distribution of aid to europe. wilson appointed hoover to head up the new organization while he was shutting down the crb, and the u.s. food administration. in his new role designed to bring relief to europe, hoover again wanted complete control over this organization. because the united states was again providing nearly all of the food that was being shipped to europe and the sols on loan from the united states army who would assist in food distribution were also being paid by american taxpayers. however, senator henry cabot lodge, no friend of wilson, attached that prohibited the distribution of food to former enemies, particularly germany and austria, two of the poorest and most food deprived nations in all of europe. he bert got around the provisions by giving the money to british officials which was perfectly legal, and then the british officials loaned the money to germany, which was not specifically prohibited. thus the germans and the austrians used the money to purchase food supplies. the british kept the

it is hard to see how europe can fully recover as long as trade with eastern europe remains at present low levels. i had my ideas pretty well sorted out by the time i went to visit our airmen at the base. europe has recovered. but it is not enough. europe with a greater population and more social justice must have a higher production level, above all there must be greater integration, our men knew this. go ahead, ask questions. >> mrs. roosevelt, did you see a definite improvement in these countries visited? those receiving the eight? >> oh, yes, i think in particular trouble to see. and to actually ask. now we've done different things. nations have done different things in different countries.

early entry into europe was the wish of the new democracies. it would help to them politically and smooth their transition to market economies it would ratify post cold war settlement in europe given the stormy past of that region, the inhabitants are said to produce more histories that they can consume locally everyone should have wish to see a saddled economically and prolifically inside a stable european structure if i was this not done? why was every obstacle put in the way of the new market democracies? why were there experts subject to the kind of absurd quotas that have until now been reserved? and why is there still no room at the in? but the answer is that the european union was too busy contemplating its own naval, both the commission and -- but -- both the commission and the majority of member governments were committed to an early deepening of the european union. that is, centralizing more power in the european union's supernatural institutions that they felt a widening of it, that is admitting new members would complicate, obstruct

turning her back on the past, she looks to europe and north america. before the war, the trade of south america with europe was nearly $1 billion per year. the trade with the united states was somewhat less. south america sold raw materials to europe and used money to buy manufactured goods. and of course there was much , trade between europe and the united states. thus, a triangle of trade was erected between three continents. this three cornered relationship was not a simple the variety of one. climate and resources produced a variety of trade. the caribbean area, largely tropical, produced coffee, sugar, chewing gum and bananas. 50% of the trade of this area was with the united states. the west coast, mountainous and dry, produced cotton, cocoa, and minerals. only one quarter of its trade went to the united states. the amazon area of brazil sold manganese, cocoa and coffee to the united states but a great deal more coffee and cotton to europe. the temperate area of argentina, uruguay and paraguay produced wheat, corn, and wool. it sent these product

day in europe at the end of 1945. the allies had been victorious in europe. rings were looking good for churchill, for harry truman, and of course the other of the big three in the alliance, joseph stalin in the soviet union. they had won the war in europe. shortly thereafter, there was an election in britain, a general election. and churchill's party lost the election. so arguably the most recognizable figure in the world, winston churchill, is denied a job. he is no longer prime minister. and he is by all accounts someone taken aback, somewhat depressed. his wife, clementine churchill, famously said to winston, winston, this is a blessing in disguise, to which winston replied, "well, it's very effectively disguised." churchill was not in the greatest of spirits after the election loss. but it was really on the heels of that loss that he received an invitation from westminster college here at fulton, missouri, where we are broadcasting from here today. and the president of the college, a gentleman named michael coors, said we would like you to deliver a foun

and europe and the united states, never mind joe biden�*s presidency, europe and the united states are not in lockstep as they used to be. certainly, i'm worried, but i would challenge your assertion that all of europe no longer trusts the united states. germany, france, maybe some other western european countries, that might be the case, but i think the uk and the united states certainly still retain great trust and confidence in each other. and our allies in central and eastern europe still have great confidence in the united states and, frankly, high expectations. but the burden is on us. the burden is on the united states to regain the trust and confidence of our german allies, of our french allies, recognising that throughout the history of the alliance, there has always been friction. i mean, i was a lieutenant in germany when there were hundreds of thousands of german protesters out on the street because of the deployment of pershing ii and the french kicked nato out of france, back in the �*60s. so this is... it's never been a bed of roses, but it has been shared values. and

it is hard to see how europe can recover as long as trade with eastern europe at the present remains at low levels. i had my ideas pretty well sorted out by the time i went to visit our airmen at the base. europe as recovered. that is not enough. a europe with greater population and more social justice must have a far higher production level. above all, it must have greater integration. our men knew this. you can go ahead and ask questions. >> mrs. roosevelt, did you see a definite improvement in these countries you visited, receiving marshall aid? >> i have taken the trouble to see people everywhere and to actually ask. nations have done different things in different countries, but i think they have done a really outstanding job. i am not sure that everywhere they would be ready to stand on their own feet. [applause] ♪ i have been on a very short trip but i have been to quite a number of countries, and one impression is outstandingly clear, the interdependence of these nations. i personally believe we must continue our aid for them but we must work closer together. a keyword is in

the invitation of american power into europe. if it is an empire, it is one that is cooperative and collaborative between western states and the united states. it is true, obviously the u.s. settles on a policy that is a sharp departure from the cooperative approach that roosevelt had hoped for. it is true, i think, the u.s. bears responsibility for worsening cold war relations. worsening tensions. and, for making a peaceful resolution of u.s., soviet differences probably if unlikely impossible. but, they did it in collaboration and cooperation with thousands of allies on the european continent, and millions of europeans thought that this was a forward-looking, reasonable solution that they could support, and indeed that they could welcome. these are policy choices that are undertaken with cooperation. europeans are very well aware of what is going on in eastern europe at the same time. they understand there is an alternative form of imperial control that is not just a theoretical idea out there, but a real possibility that he co

. >> you will enter the continent of europe and in conjunction with other united nations, under take operations aimed at the heart of germany and the destruction of her armed forces. this was without a doubt the most difficult assignment ever given to one man. the brilliance with which he answered this challenge marks him as one of our greatest soldiers. mr. raymond massey, distinguished actor now brings you some of the finest moments in our history. the story of the general of the army dwight d. eisenhower. ♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪ >> the time is june 1945. the occasion, the return to his homeland of a war hero whose stature has seldom been matched in the esteem of his countrymen. the european phase of the greatest war america ever fought is over and part of the warmth with which the people of abilene, kansas, greet general dwight d. eisenhower reflects the deep joy of a nation approaching peace again. some of it is the kind of welcome any hometown might give a favorite son who has done a good job. but more than anything else, it is a tribute. a gratitude felt in every corner of

it would ratify the post cold war settlement in europe. given the stormy past of that region, inhabitants are said to produce more histories than they can consume locally. everyone should wish to see it settle economically and politically inside a stable european structure. why was this not done? why was every obstacle put in the way of the new market democracies? why were their exports subject to the kind of absurd quotas that have until now been reserved for japan? why is there still no room at the inn? the answer is that the european union was too busy contemplating its own naval. both the commission and the majority -- [ applause ] both the commission and the majority of member governments were committed to an early beating of the european union. that is, centralizing more power in the european union's super national institutions. they felt a widening of it, that is admitting new members would complicate, obstruct or prevent this process. while the deepening went ahead, they arranged to keep the central europeans out by the diplomats'

and europe. they've nina -- they haven't taken into consideration of climate change, and inequality issues. to be frank with you. it means also as well, while i do endorsed have any regional trade agreement with countries or region, which does not comply with the paris agreement, but we also have to assess the pros and cons of this agenda. so, it should be must more sophisticated, but more than that. what we should work on very actively, or together in the coming months and years, it's to build a common agenda between the world trade organization, the eye a low, the imf and our multi lateral regulation of climate change and biodiversity. putting phase are different tracks and agenda, is the only way to build the new sustainable openness and trade agenda. let me go to the second question, about our youth and this new generation. i share your concern and your willingness to i dress this issue to this generation. i have to say that, this generation probably understand much more than ours the importa

if europe is not afraid of the soviets, if europe is living peacefully, they are going to, quite logically, say thank you for your service, american army, who has been there since 1945. we would like you to go home now. you are not actually that popular in many places in the world, because, frankly, no one likes to have an occupying army in their country, even an ally. and there was a lot of fire and fury politically throughout the 19 eighties over the deployment of, for example, american short-range nuclear weapons. think about what i just said and the geography of that. the united states wanted to deploy short-range nuclear weapons in germany, with a range of about 15 kilometers. the phrase that went around at that time, in the german parliament, was, you have to understand, the shorter the missile, the dead or the german. they understood that the american armies presents, in a sense, was a reason for the soviets, in their weird logic, to keep their military presence. once you have to military presence is, anything can happen. bush and those around him feared that americans might be aske

as germany was was swallowing up pieces of europe and all of europe for that. matter and when it became necessary to form an alliance with the soviets he did so by a matter of necessity it was you know, churchill was a shrewd politician and geo geopolitics was you know, the arena that he loved to play in and was very effective and he made that decision with with out of necessity really and ultimately was it was the right decision, but he knew and and that's really coming back to the iron curtain speech that once the war was over they needed to go back and deal with the soviets and and really that's in large measure what what the speech is about and it's about standing up to the soviets but not alone but forming an angle american alliance or a special relationship. he called it in this speech only that relationship and and and the quote played earlier the expansion of democracy liberty and freedom that the two countries have long shared that churchill says, you know in the magna carta and the bill of rights and he says in the iron curtain speech that reached the

europe matters but a strong united germany in the center of europe that could be a threat. so baker sets out to persuade both those leaders as well as the other europeans. that a united germany anchored in nato. would enable the rest of europe to live peacefully knowing the germany would not have any ability to build its own nuclear capacity. yes, the economy would be strong but that strong economy could also be a bulwark against the soviet union. this is a long way of saying. that the emergence of germany are united, germany. was thanks to. president george h.w. bush brent scowcroft his second national security advisor and secretary of state james bacon. that's fascinating that diana. bakers one of his great skills was in his personal relationships that he used to great effect and notably foreign minister edward chevron nazi became very close to him. yes, and i remember in fact an incident of what horse tellchic good friend of mine. who was helm of kohl's national security advisor. we were talking i asked did it was there any point in when you thought this is all going to

fought overseas in europe during world war ii. this is and here's a photo of some of the the black women who served in europe. black americans and the military during world war ii faced racism and discrimination really horrible treatment in europe both by white american soldiers and sometimes by europeans the troops are segregated by race. they lived in seven often lived in segregated barracks. many relegated to menial duties some veterans that i talked to during my reporting told me that um black soldiers are often ill-treated and that sometimes the german prisoners were actually treated better than the black american soldiers the german prisoners. sometimes had more rights and privileges given to them than black american soldiers. it's really a very jarring scene to imagine. i'd like to pause for a moment to greet our viewers who are watching us from all around the country. good morning to you. thank you for joining us from omaha, nebraska, boynton beach, florida, farmington, connecticut tullahoma tennessee, not far away and reh

it takes people, different ethnic groups from europe. remember what i said earlier about how not all white people are white people. there are different groups of white people. you can see that it sort people out by their proclivity for sex crimes. so people from the generic group or baltic regions of europe. basically southern and eastern europeans are more likely to be skirt chasers as opposed to these pure nordic times are all ultra soft control and discipline. they will not do anything nasty. but this is a kind of racial or ethnic stereotyping in nativism.

in europe, they are talking about 4%. you could say the uk stimulus package is pretty weak compared to its competitors. very difficult to compare because the uk has been a bit more generous on the support scheme. which bucket do you put this money into? the question will be, as stephanie was saying, the lesson from the financial crisis was that those who did more earlier did better. if biden's saying, "i can't spend too much", people would say that the lesson in the uk was that we didn't fix our banks quickly enough and the us did. most economists would say the risks are on doing too little, not doing too much. fascinating. let us go to europe, where growth has been sluggish and unemployment, especially amongst the young, has been high for a decade now. will the pandemic exacerbate the problems in the european economies? will it open up structural cracks in the eurozone? with very different budgetary positions in the respective nations, will the response in europe be further integration, of taxation, for example, or will

generally, and central and eastern europe. by the time who were left her home in september 1919, he and the ar a had provided some 28 million tons of food, and supplies valued in the billions, all collected and distributed after the end of the war. it all perhaps of in participated in hoover's relief efforts humber-st. by starvation and disease, some 15 million children were renewed in health, giving them a chance for a productive future. hoover's biography -- biographer, george h. nash writes that hoover was responsible for saving the lives of more people than anyone in history. with the end of the war, his involvement and humanitarian missions, who were trying to focus on his future. he considered opening another office and returning to mining, which he never did. he considered many business opportunities, but never focused on any of them. he even considered a run for the presidency in 1920, as both major political parties recording him. his enthusiasm for the office was only halfhearted. he wrote ad articles and delivered m

in the allied forces in europe. he was touring the newly liberated or drift concentration camp nearby after that tour eisenhower to the pentagon and wrote about how important he felt. it was to document nazi crimes to make sure that no one could ever deny what had happened. so scott was really among the first americans to document holocaust atrocities. historians and anybody who wants to study in commemorate the holocaust. oh him and the other liberators a debt of gratitude for recording what they saw the long-lasting impact of his efforts demonstrate the power of a person's action. he was documenting the history of the holocaust armed with just his camera. and for those who are interested learning more about this subject, we did a program just last month as part of black history month about african-american soldiers who served in the us military and about what they saw and also about the ways that their own experience of even violent racial discrimination shaped their reaction to seeing crimes in europe. we have ju

black soldiers, again, in europe, they faced racism. they also were facing a warm reception from europeans as they traveled through these towns, fighting the germans. here, we see a photo of corporal james baldwin. the photo was taken in 1945. somewhere in germany. he told me he was not quite sure which town it was in germany when this photo was taken. edna: and what about his interactions with locals? with civilians? deneen: so, many of those black american soldiers, when they rolled through these towns, they were greeted with warm receptions from civilian's. -- civilians. we see here a black american soldier is have hoping -- is helping a little girl with her doll off a truck. that may have been in the netherlands. again, we see here, some young people in the netherlands posing for a photo with black american soldiers. edna: lynn, we have a couple of questions coming in from viewers that i would like to post to you. one is from a woman named kimberly asking if you could speak about the experience of black american soldiers upon their

if europe is not afraid of the soviets, if europe is leaving -- living peacefully, they are going to quite logically say, thank you for your service american army who has been there since 1945, we would like you to go home now. you are not actually that popular in many places in europe because frankly, nobody likes to have an occupying army in your country even when you are an ally and there was a lot of fire and fury politically throughout the 1980's over deployment of american short-range nuclear weapons. think about what i just said in the geography of that, the united states wants to voice short-range nuclear weapons in germany with a range of about 15 kilometers. that phrase that went around at that time, the german parliament was you have to understand, the shorter the missile, the debtor the german -- deader the german. they understood the american army's presence was perhaps the reason for the soviets in a weird logic keep their military presence and once you have two militaries, anything can happen. bush and those around him feared that the americans would be asked to go hom

, and long to be accepted in europe. they saw europe advancing much faster than they. in fact, they had good numbers on this stuff. they were able to calculate that in the spring of 1989, the total soviet food consumption level for the average citizen was about where was in 1917. after the entire soviet experience if you will, from an individual perspective, a caloric perspective, right back where they started area did this was becoming apparent to policymakers in the early 1970's. you should remind yourself that ronald reagan did not come into power until 1981. during that period, the soviets did not do anything about it. they in fact brought to power a series of geriatric leaders. they had a man named resnick who -- brezhnev who had been an impressive leader in his day but was far gone. then they had a couple other leaders and a series of individuals who were basically a geriatric leadership and a sclerotic mindset for their country. the best way to understand this sense that the soviets knew something was wrong but re

that is going to happen in europe _ chain. that is going to happen in europe and — chain. that is going to happen in europe and in countries across the boat out _ europe and in countries across the boat out in — europe and in countries across the boat out in countries that can afford — boat out in countries that can afford it _ boat out in countries that can afford it. ~ ., boat out in countries that can afford it. ~ . ., boat out in countries that can afford it. . ., boat out in countries that can afford it. ~ . . , ., . ., ., afford it. we have a short amount of time to ask — afford it. we have a short amount of time to ask everybody _ afford it. we have a short amount of time to ask everybody for _ afford it. we have a short amount of time to ask everybody for a - afford it. we have a short amount of time to ask everybody for a story i time to ask everybody for a story that caught their eye that we might have missed. this that caught their eye that we might have missed-— have missed. this is 20 years since the attack of _ have missed. this is 20 years since the

as supreme commander he led armies in the liberation of europe. there for the second time in a generation american boys had joined in the cause of freedom. ♪ they went home, their country sought to help them resume a peaceful life. schools opened their doors to millions of veterans. ever since it began, the united states has seen a constant growth of education. a high school diploma is now almost taken for granted. every year 2.5 million students enroll in the universities and professional schools. many of the young men who had fought in north africa and normandy went back to the farms. they went back to working the earth in the quiet rhythm of the seasons. they reaffirmed their spiritual values, different faiths living side by side in mutual respect, in the belief many are the ways to god. ♪ americans have a keen sense of fraternity. should a neighbor's livelihood be jeopardized, they are quick to lend their labor and their time to help rebuild. this tradition stems from the days of the pioneers. it's this same trait that moved the american p

how europe getting on? so walls. how europe getting on? sr often in these matches we walls. how europe getting on? srs often in these matches we talk about the importance of momentum and certain is with europe at the moment. that was a flying start for them to take the morning session 3.5 points to a half, charley harlot with her record to her career and now... into the afternoon, europe head with three out of four matches, donein head with three out of four matches, done in one. the match they are trailing in, nelly korda and ewing trailing in, nelly korda and ewing trailing after eight holes... but other three matches europe are ahead and with a little daylight as well in each of those three matches they lead two holes.— lead two holes. brilliant, an impressive _ lead two holes. brilliant, an impressive start _ lead two holes. brilliant, an impressive start for - lead two holes. brilliant, an impressive start for europe. lead two holes. brilliant, an - impressive start for europe. ian carter, in ohio, t

.— arriving from europe. looking at the lan arriving from europe. looking at the [an for arriving from europe. looking at the plan for the — arriving from europe. looking at the plan for the booster _ arriving from europe. looking at the plan for the boosterjab. _ arriving from europe. looking at the plan for the boosterjab. just - arriving from europe. looking at the plan for the boosterjab. just talk i plan for the booster jab. just talk us through that. it plan for the booster 'ab. just talk us through that.— plan for the booster 'ab. just talk us through that. it says it's got in a 'ust war us through that. it says it's got in a just war papers _ us through that. it says it's got in a just war papers which _ us through that. it says it's got in a just war papers which show - us through that. it says it's got in | a just war papers which show read vaccination programme in 2021. it's a matter of months

other questions being asked in poland and the rest of europe why poland and the rest of europe why poland did not learn what happened in the uk? we saw this new variant with its ferocious infectiousness taking hold in the end of last year, some people might ask why europe did not go into a stricter lockdown earlier? ., .,, , ., , earlier? there are those questions of course. earlier? there are those questions of course- they — earlier? there are those questions of course. they have _ earlier? there are those questions of course. they have been - earlier? there are those questions of course. they have been asked l earlier? there are those questions i of course. they have been asked for many months now but the government says it has been under increased or consistent should i say pressure from industry, from services, to open up and also society. the health minister himself said last night that people have a feeling already that people have a feeling already that covid—i9 has been beaten to a certain extent. they have become accustomed to it so you had these competing forces with the go

come to europe. it will be marvellous this summer in france _ it will be marvellous this summer in france can — it will be marvellous this summer in france can you _ it will be marvellous this summer in france. can you imagine _ it will be marvellous this summer in france. can you imagine not- it will be marvellous this summer in l france. can you imagine not spending a holiday— france. can you imagine not spending a holiday in— france. can you imagine not spending a holiday in france?! _ i'm vaccinated, i will go to france. i'm coming with you, if that's all right? even though stephanie can come with you. simon, what about you? i spent the last two days with my 18—year—old, she is about to finish her a—levels, looking at places in greece. what we were looking for is, can we refund this if we can't go? that was the big issue. we are all doing our bit to boost the european economy this summer if we can possibly get to the mediterranean. my thanks to marc roche, stephanie baker and simonjac