vis-c-vis the atlantic ocean, first to the islands and then to iceland and greenland and finally by the year 1000, lake erickson to the shores of north america. so that's the usual picture we have of the viking age and the age that we have these extraordinary warriors and adventurers is the one that we tend to get in our television series and novels and other sources.and they kind of look like this. you don't mind playing the first slide, i'd appreciate. they tend to have an appearance rather like you got the top? there we go. these are warriors from a chess set, medieval chestset discovered on the isle of lewis . probably made some time in the 15th century, little bit after the height of the 18th. but the figures there you see in this ivory chest set, i didn't even know by the way thanks to dna evidence was made from ivory tusks from greenland. from the viking settlement there. but we see that figure there, as the warrior biting his shield. he's usually end up a fight as being a deserter, the kind of extraordinary ferocious warriors who came into prominence in norse legend. they were r

for example, when global, when the ice sheets start to melt, when greenland ice sheet out some window and told us she melts. and we're seeing the start of that white. now, sea level goes up all over the world. i potentially our meters. so by 2050, when you said, wish it completely put the carbon mission to 0 more than half of the world is predicted, population will lack drinking water. oh, how are we going to deal with that? well, science fine away, or are we headed towards water wars? see absolutely right. so we have a lot of stresses on, on the planet right now. a lot of them are caught that all cool smiles will cool for humans, but in different ways. so we look at global warming and that affects things like extreme heat and flash floods. and potentially our ability to quote quotes when we're looking at the availability of water that is impacted by climate change, but also the over use of fresh water on the planet right now. so for example, we are depleting ground water water stored beneath the surface of the planets that take centuries, sometimes thousands of years to build up and

for example, when global, when the ice sheet start to melt, when greenland ice sheet melts, and when the and told us she melts. and we're seeing the stalls of that white now, sea level goes up all over the world. but i'm potentially by mrs. said by 2050 i. when i you said, wish it completely put the carbon mission to 0 more than half of the world is predicted, population will lack drinking water. oh, how are we going to deal with that? well, science fine away, or are we headed towards water wars? see absolutely right. so we have a lot of stresses on, on the planet right now. a lot of them all of the, all course files will quote for humans but in different ways. so we look at global warming and that affects things like extreme heat and flash floods. i'm potentially our ability to grow crops when we're looking at the availability of water that is impacting our climate change, but also the over use of fresh water on the planet right now. so for example, we are depleting ground was a water stored beneath the surface of the planets that take centuries, sometimes thousands of years to buil

when it first went to get was mentioned in 80 the west coast of greenland but had not been accessible. the ice was too thick and they tried to walk out they all died. now 40 years later cruise ships go up into that area. and then in this south in antarctica the species who had been living there for 5000 years have been supported by both species of penguins slurs of bones and stuff like that you can carbon date to get an idea of which species for the last 5000 years we've been there. these are visible changes. we had a lot less kelp burning kelp coverage is really, really diminished in southern california. okay that's fine the whole ecosystem but certainly massively overstretched remember their heat waves in the ocean also. these are all in the ocean are getting stressed during these heat. these people live on land they've never been to see. i went swimming two days ago in the ocean it was great after this interview i'm going again. it's great for swimming. >> anyone who lives in san diego knows the beaches have been warmer as of late. samantha, just tell me you detailed so many disast

precious approaching. some big patterns here, big peaks and troughs, you can see a peak going over greenland there, trough in the north atlantic, then peaking again across western parts of europe. and when we see this sort of pattern, that gives us an indication there'll be a lot of mixing in the atmosphere between the northern and southern climes — so pulses of cooler air pushed up ahead, then back to cooler air again. lots of low pressures forming in the north atlantic as a result of these temperature contrasts as well, and towards the end of the week it looks like it will turn a little bit colder. so let's summarise what the next few days will look like — bouts of heavy rain particularly across western areas with low pressures approaching, that also means gale force winds, but we will also see a lot of mild air, very mild air, in fact, pressures approaching, that also means gale force winds, but we will also see a lot of mild air, very mild air, in fact, streaming in from the azores. now this is the weather map for monday — and a big low—pressure with winds blowing around it like

the jet stream first — some big patterns here, big peaks and troughs, you can see a peak going over greenland there, trough in the north atlantic, then peaking again across western parts of europe. and when we see this sort of pattern, that gives us an indication there'll be a lot of mixing in the atmosphere between the northern and southern climes — so pulses of cooler air pushed up ahead, then back to cooler air again. lots of low pressures forming in the north atlantic as a result of these temperature contrasts as well, and towards the end of the week it looks like it will turn a little bit colder. so let's summarise what the next few days will look like — bouts of heavy rain particularly across western areas with low pressures approaching, that also means gale force winds, but we will also see a lot of mild air, very mild air, in fact, streaming in from the azores. now this is the weather map for monday — and a big low pressure with winds blowing around it like so, that low pressure is also scooping up that mild air from the south. see, the mild south—westerlies here. so outbreaks

yet since paris, it has rained for the first time on greenland summit. the amount of c02 in the atmosphere has reached record levels. heat waves have scorched countries around the world. droughts, storms, forest fires and floods have all become more intense, more recurrent and more intense, more recurrent and more commonplace. and sea levels are rising threatening small island states and bigger countries alike. we have the science and resources and the urgency, what then is holding us back? my dearfriends, only one variable remains and it is us. we have to make the choice to address this. we have to choose but necessary actions. we have to listen to the science and increasingly the global population who are demanding action. my dear, dearfriends, we have run out of excuses. it is time to do the right thing. in the words of frankie the dinosaur who addressed the general assembly, let us not choose extinction let's work together as one global family and use the capacities... you together as one global family and use the capacities. . ._ use the capacities.

me saying there's a greenhouse gas then the greenland i show, which is already melting, the melting of that will accelerate. so it's not that we know how to re tracy arctic, but we know that it's really important that we figure out at least how to slow it's right of melting down the ability stamps me moto, so substantial to miss after years at the image of s, they well, what mood do detect among your students must change an attitude towards these matters. well, the students 10 years ago perhaps, but not even talking about this as a subject student activism, but not about climate change. but right now, great and back as as accelerated student activism and climate, the passion of students talking about climate is palpable. it's great. we've set up the center for climate repair at cambridge and the interest, the student interest in this whole area so amazing we, we just don't have a shortage a toll of students wanting to help doing projects on climate repair. so professor, let's just say you want to glass go next we would you rather be, would you want to be outside the conference, whole g