vis-c-vis the atlantic ocean, first to the islands and then to iceland and greenland and finally by the year 1000, lake erickson to the shores of north america. so that's the usual picture we have of the viking age and the age that we have these extraordinary warriors and adventurers is the one that we tend to get in our television series and novels and other sources.and they kind of look like this. you don't mind playing the first slide, i'd appreciate. they tend to have an appearance rather like you got the top? there we go. these are warriors from a chess set, medieval chestset discovered on the isle of lewis . probably made some time in the 15th century, little bit after the height of the 18th. but the figures there you see in this ivory chest set, i didn't even know by the way thanks to dna evidence was made from ivory tusks from greenland. from the viking settlement there. but we see that figure there, as the warrior biting his shield. he's usually end up a fight as being a deserter, the kind of extraordinary ferocious warriors who came into prominence in norse legend. they were r

when it first went to get was mentioned in 80 the west coast of greenland but had not been accessible. the ice was too thick and they tried to walk out they all died. now 40 years later cruise ships go up into that area. and then in this south in antarctica the species who had been living there for 5000 years have been supported by both species of penguins slurs of bones and stuff like that you can carbon date to get an idea of which species for the last 5000 years we've been there. these are visible changes. we had a lot less kelp burning kelp coverage is really, really diminished in southern california. okay that's fine the whole ecosystem but certainly massively overstretched remember their heat waves in the ocean also. these are all in the ocean are getting stressed during these heat. these people live on land they've never been to see. i went swimming two days ago in the ocean it was great after this interview i'm going again. it's great for swimming. >> anyone who lives in san diego knows the beaches have been warmer as of late. samantha, just tell me you detailed so many disast