in moscow, the line of friendship. khrushchev receives a cuban flag as he lined up for the anti-americanism of castro. castro marks the second anniversary of his revolution with the biggest military parade staged in cuba. shortly afterwards, castro demanded the united states embassy reduce its staff to 11 persons. it was the last straw in his long campaign of provocation and harassment. president eisenhower broke off diplomatic relations with a message read by the press secretary. >> there's a limit to what the united states in self-respect can endure. that limit has now been reached. our friendship for the cuban people is not affected. it is my hope and my conviction that in the not too distant future it will be possible for the historic friendship between us once again to find reflection in normal relations of every sort. meanwhile, our sympathy goes out to the people of cuba now suffering under the yoke of a dictator. >> the assault has begun on the dictatorship of castro. cuban army pilots opened the first phase of

meanwhile in moscow, an expert at fishing in troubled waters reels out the line of friendship to a group of newsmen and women from cuba, president at the invitation of a soviet journalist fleet whose job receives a gift of the cuba flag. the soviet's and the western hemisphere align. castro marks the second anniversary of his revolution with the biggest military parade ever staged in cuba, featuring tanks and other heavy weapons from russia and red czechoslovakia. shortly afterwards, castro demanded the united states embassy drastically reduce his staff to 11 persons. it was the last straw in his long campaign of provocation. president eisenhower broke off diplomatic relations with a message read by press secretary haggerty. >> there is a limit to what the united states in self-respect can endure. that limit has now been reached. our friendship for the cuban people is not affected. it is my hope and my conviction that in the not-too-distant future, it will be possible for the historic friendship between us once again to find reflection and normal relations of every sort, meanwhile, our s

he is fidel's prime minister, the number two man in cuba's revolutionary government and here in moscow's trade union house, he seems to respond eagerly to the soviets wooing of cuba. an ailing fidel castro has caught feeling of the closing section of the pan american youth conference in panama. he gives a funny, talk -- and the monroe doctrine. after reading for half hour, the cuban premier he loses his voice. but he big gains enough strength to come back and announce his latest draw that against the united states. the seizure of three quarters of a billion dollars of american owned properties in cuba. ♪ ♪ ♪ castro promises to pay for it all in 50 years. but at the rate the cuban economy is failing, the payoff may come sooner than we expect. the court -- yankees, no. american owned cuban electric company, recently nationalized by the government, along with the telephone company, also american world. this is definitely a pro castro crowd enthusiastically defacing the telephone company building. they do have the -- coaches that the u.s., when he calls fascist priests or to defeat the

, were in moscow meeting with nikita khrushchev. they knew that we would not allow for the nationalization of the united fruit company and other organizations that were billions of dollars for american economics. they knew the writing on the wall probably before fidel did. one way or another, however, once fidel castro realized there was no possible way of any kind of relationship with the united states, he does reach out to the soviet union, and puts himself in direct let's call it a direct confrontational situation with the united states. we are not in a position where we would let a soviet satellite state be so close. and you know, this wasn't kind of sort of reaching out to the soviets, this is a full embrace of soviet ideology. i like to call castro a born again communist. in many ways he was. when he came back from his trip and realized he was going to have to reach out and embrace the other major power in the world, he very quickly started adopting a lot of these marxist leninist terminology he wasn't using before. it worked.

those training programs for south american students in moscow in peeking, our communism's investments in the future. mr. stalin laid out through places like cuba as the way to a communist future for the world. this is the same future with mr. khrushchev -- assured the whole world will someday be there. would investment have we made? are we thinking of making? to see to it at that future will not be -- if this to be our investment against the communist future for the world? this is a meeting in miami florida, and that cities park and this is a crew the cuban exiles who call themselves the alliance for liberation. these people have one burning ambition today. that burning ambition is to see cuba free, but this time free from castro. there are all kinds of cuban groups like these, most of them disunited, disorganized, wholly committed to counter revolution against castro. >> i was commander of the base, i was chief. when communist was sent to teach schools, i recorded this to fidel. this was lots march, -- towards communist. i had to go underground and took refuge in the brazilian -- and

when i asked those young south americans at the university of moscow this summer what courses they were taking, interestingly enough, they were studying economics, finance, problems of transportation, communications, and the rest. it's an important characteristics of revolutions that they leave political, social, and economic vacuums. because the people who run revolutions find that they cannot trust the people they revolt against. and in order to make their futures secure they often use very effective methods to ensure that people like these will not endanger their revolution. this fellow on your screen may have been trained in some important field of government work. but to these men, he's the enemy. in dealing with such enemies the way you are about to see, what you are about to see is the stuff that vacuums which follow revolutions are made of. >>> you are witnessing an execution, an execution of a former military commander in cuba. he's been given the choice of giving the command for his own execution. and so enemies disappear in revolutions. >> you see, it's an important character

guest: so i saw jonah went to russia by myself, scared to death on a train from vienna to moscow. an event meet her. is being sponsored to get to russia to meet her with the russians, this was cold war can't predict the not one us to be there. they had sent she and her husband off. to japan. so there i was in russia for a week rated as what they led me to be there for it was interesting going over in the train we get to the border, between poland and russia, they stop the train and everybody has to get off for a good hour nobody knows what is going to try to give me a shot in the past for the latest little cookie freighted i said nope you're not sticking me with any needles. i got back on board and no more knowledgeable wife they took us off. i was in moscow and i got to see a lot of the things that they allowed me to see, the university, etc. i didn't anybody and nobody was beat me getting back on the train back to vienna and we get to the border crossing i decided to stay on the train. i wanted to know what was going on so course they came full all the shades down. when the guar

those training programs for south america students in moscow and peking are communism's investment in the future and this is the future that mr. stalin laid out through places like cuba as the way to a communist future for the world and this is the same future which they assure the whole world will someday be theirs. what investment have we made? or are we thinking of making to see to it that that future will not be theirs? is this to be our investment against a communist future in the world? this is a meeting in miami, florida, in that city's park. this is a group of cuban exiles who call themselves the alliance for liberation. these people have one burning ambition today and that burning ambition is to see cuba free, but this time, free from castro. there are all kinds of cuban groups like these, most of them dis united, disorganized but intensely wholly committed to counter revolutions against castro. [ speaking foreign language ] >> when communists were sent to teach in the school i reported this to fidel. this was last march, i then realized that fidel, too, was a communist. i ha

a lot of people are surprised thinking he went straight to moscow. no, he came to the united states. he came the try to meet with president eisenhower and vice president nixon, neither of whom were available. i guess ike was playing golf. it was purposeful. they did not want to meet with him. actually it was so purposeful that castro when he visited new york couldn't find a hotel except for in harlem. the united states made it difficult for him to stay in a hotel in new york. there is the argument that we pushed him into the hands of the russians. the next question, was he ready to embrace a soviet partnership from the beginning? i think the answer is unown. i don't think he would have come to the united states if he didn't think there was a possibility he thought we could work with him. you could call this naive. simultaneously as he was trying to meet with the americans here in the united states his brother, raul, who is the current president of cuba and which he guevara, one of his top lieutenants were in moscow meeting with nikita crew sheriff. t

fate would have it, we did receive permission to leave and eventually took a train to moscow and from moscow, the very famous siberian express to the port on the far eastern russian shore, and that train ride through siberia's when i will never, never forget -- is one i -- i will never forget because it's over two weeks. edna: some viewers may be surprised to know that hey representative from japan, a nation that was allied with nazi germany at the time, that he would be willing to help people who were being targeted by an ally of his government. we had an opportunity to speak with chiune sugihara's youngest son, nobuki. let's hear him explain why his father acted to help so many thousands of people while others stood by and did nothing. >> all the consulates were closed in the end of july. he had to leave and he sees many refugees coming one after the other. he extended his stay for another month. he got permission from the lithuanian government, actually it's a soviet authority. and he didn't expect 500, 1000, or more. edna: we have an audience comment, a woman from pamela writes to

fate would have it, we did receive permission to leave and eventually took a train to moscow and from moscow, the very famous siberian express to the port on the far eastern russian port, and that train ride through siberia's when i will never, never forget -- is one i will never forget because it was over two weeks. edna: some viewers may be surprised to know that representative from japan, that he would be willing to help people who were being targeted by an ally of his government. we had an opportunity to speak with chiune sugihara's youngest son. let's hear him explain why his father acted to help so many thousands of people while others stood by and did nothing. edna: we have an audience comment, a woman from pamela writes to say my dad and uncle also received visas from sugihara and traveled the same route to freedom and safety. over 2700 polish jews were admitted to japan between july 1940 and june 1941 thanks to the actions of sugihara. after this journey on the trans-siberian train and a difficult three days on the sea of japan, could you describe your arrival to japan for us

but fate would have it we did receive permission to leave and eventually took a train to moscow. and from moscow, the very, very famous siberian express to the port on the eastern, far eastern russian port. and that, that train ride through siberia is one i'll never, never forget because it was, like, over two weeks. >> leo, i'm going to interrupt you for a moment because some viewers may be surprised to know that a representative of japan, a nation that was allied with nazi germany at the time, that he would be willing to help people who were being targeted by an ally of his government. we had an opportunity to speak with sukihara's youngest son, nobuki. let's hear him's. -- him explain in his own words why his father helped while others stood by and did nothing. >> he sees many coming, one after the other. so he extended his stay for another month. soviet authority, and he didn't expect 500, 1,000 or more. he started issuing -- [inaudible] for him just to say one life is equal to 1,000 lives. he never imagined that he was doing any heroic acts. >> so we have an audience comment

and eventually took a train, um to moscow and from moscow the very famous siberian express. of vladivostok, which was the port on the eastern shore far eastern russian port and that that train ride it through siberia is one. i'll never never forget because it was like over two weeks. video, i'm going to interrupt you for a moment because some viewers may be surprised to know that a representative of japan nation. that was allied with nazi germany at the time that he would be willing to help people who were being targeted by an ally of his government. we had an opportunity to speak with chuunesugihara's youngest son noobuki. let's hear him explain in his own words. why his father acted to help so many thousands of people while others stood by and did nothing. all the consulates were closed in the end of july. he had to leave. but he sees many refugees coming one after the other so he extended his stay for another month. he got one mission from lead to any. government, actually it's so weird authority. and he didn't expect. 500 to 1,000 or more he started issuing. it's not one

wants to reach out to moscow. but then schultz realizes in that same moment that that was the whole reason nancy reagan set up that dinner that she wanted schultz to really understand something important about her husband and something that really had the potential to change history. would that dinner with the schultz's was that before or after the evil empire reference the evil empire? okay, one of the other things that nancy does is she tries to sort of dial back or some of her husband's rhetoric so later that spring he gives a speech where he refers to the soviet union as an evil empire. she hates that. and the reagan's were a real married couple which means they had real arguments. so stuart spencer who i mentioned earlier their close political advisor is also invited over to a private dinner in the in the residence shortly after that. and nancy reagan is still just pounding on ronald reagan about this evil empire thing and he's trying to defend himself and finally he turns to stu spencer and he says, you know

not be misused or abused of course if there was some cases where they decided not to participate like moscow. and then there was some sentiment. so i am encourage the japanese government and the ioc decided to carry on. during my time with the ioc to work very closely and have peace through sports. those which can instantly mobilize that energy. we are thinking how we can mobilize to be generated by sports that's my working very closely with the ioc leadership in that every april 6 was generated by international human sports day so on that day to have a meaningful event so the corporation and energy would be used to bring peace and harmony. 's i'm happy to do this with your initiative. >> going back to look at your legacy can you make a different decision on? >> there are many so i felt that could be reformed much better. when people say that the five most powerful people the most powerful members united nations with those powerful messages and with those veto power countries. a lot of people had been killed. and those that have become refugees and more than 5 million people and this is a tr

saw ambassador eric ate them in here at this conference he's writing an essay on reagan's address at moscow state university back in 1988. that speech, the reagan speech of the berlin wall remembered by everybody. it was worked on very, very closely by a speech or writer secretary of state was involved the president himself. there is not a spirit word, extra word in these speeches very carefully will run speech known as going to say that was not authentic was not standing there what just popped into his mind. there is nothing more authentically reagan than that. >> is being respectful of your audience too. >> respectful of their time. i was not on the trip but i thought on c-span or something. he did but he said at the time i had no idea as opposed that long. it would not have a paired speech who tells don't waste your time do not give a prepared speech for the first couple minutes of a town hall. he was make his own notes about things he wanted to say. and by notes i would say tax plan, public schools, freedom. [laughter] always freedom. i also felt his secret weapon was a press conference

now, in moscow, the newspapers immediately, as early as the 18th, saying allen dulles was intentionally in puerto rico so you could run the -- but the list could give the speech at the same time that chips were exploding in the bay of pigs. that's a morning, he was trying to this group of young executives. and it is rather bizarre but it was thought to be the right thing to do. he really didn't know much about what was happening until he came back that evening. and learned at the airport how badly things were going. and then he told his aide, let's go get us to drink and that's how he handled that. i think we need to cut it off here. can we do any more questions? perhaps this lady. >> okay, yes. i don't understand >> if everybody in the world knew that this was going to happen, the cia didn't know that castro knew, did not have any people infiltrated in the castro organization at the time? if everybody knew, then how did dulles not know that everybody knew? >> yes. it goes back to the weird psychology of the cold war. everyone knew but again, it wasn't that they thought that they were g

now in moscow the newspapers immediately as early as it's hard to know how that game would've played out. what we do know is, what happened and what's happened was a tragedy. thank you all very much for coming tonight. i really appreciate it. thank you. [applause] [applause]. tens of thousands of anti vietnam war protesters converged on washington d.c. in may of 1971. more than 7000 of them were arrested in a single day. thursday night, on american history tv, we look back 50 years at the forces that collided on the capitol streets that spring, but journalist lawrence roberts, he's the author of may day, 1971, a white house at war or revolt in the streets and the untold history of america's biggest mass arrest. that's 8 pm eastern on american history tv, here on c-span 3. >> originally broadcast as an nbc white paper, this encyclopedia potomac edited classroom version of the report tells the story of the field april 17th to 19th 1961 invasion. the documentary traces a diplomatic script between the u.s. and cuba, describes exiled groups supposed to the castro government. the cia's rol

know, i saw an ambassador here at this conference and he's writing an essay on reagan's address at moscow state university back in 1980. that speech, reagan's speech at the berlin mall, one of the -- the berlin wall, one of the great speeches of the english language, remembered by everybody. it was worked on very closely by the speechwriters, the secretary of state i believe was involved, the president himself. there wasn't a spare word, an extra word in the speech, it was a very carefully, well done speech. no one would say that was not authentic because reagan wasn't saying what just popped into his mind. there was nothing more authentically reagan than that. sarada: it's about being respectful of your audience, too. john: yeah. and respectful of their time. one time president bush did a town hall meeting in manhattan, kansas, and i wasn't on the trip but i saw it on c-span or something, and i said, did you know you were up there for an hour and a half answering questions from the audience question mark -- from the audience? he did, but at the time he said he had no idea. it was a big e

, and you said, we have a lot of votes, but then the difference maker was this mug a group, and the moscow group believed in the republican party. and if you forget that, you don't have as big a pool to win. and you are nicer than i'm going to say, he said a lot of these guys who won think that they were smart, but it was the mongol group came for us. describe that, and how do you tell young people who are like, hey, i like that new republican party. i don't necessarily like the old. when you know what i'm saying. >> well we stand for freedom, and liberty, and those things that are right. but in particular, in our conversations, they were really about people who felt strongly about coming to support ideas that became very apparent in front of them, that had not been present in politics for quite some time. someone would say since reagan. a real strong message about how important it is to our country to not just succeed, but to lead the world, you see the world is better when america is great. and everyone rises to that level then, to be just like us. there are people still, whether we like