this has been the cry of mankind throughout all time, blinded by ignorance, filled with terror, he lashed out against the black plague with witchcraft, against typhus with superstition. in efforts to stem the 7vú too often resulted in cruel and vicious treatment of those suffering from contagious diseases. despite the raging panic of ignorance, the lurking danger of contagion, scientists of many nations went to work. they flickered the light of research into light of knowledge, using every research to share their findings with each other. it was the dutchman whose research helped provide scientists everywhere with a new and powerful vision of the microscope. now, at last, the hidden enemy could be examined under the probing search light of science. the hunt was on for contagious diseases and their causes wherever they existed. in italy pioneered the work on the growth of organisms. he proved fermentation did not take place in sealed containers but occurred through contact with microorganisms in the air. ♪♪ jenner in england painstakingly evolved the basic principles of vaccination, a

such cooperation protects mankind from recurring epidemics. international cooperation provides immediate action to strike a swift-striking enemy. today there are no distances. today the aeroplane links continents as trains link cities. today the peoples of the world are one people joined by wings over the globe. today people of all races of every level move from country to country in a matter of hours. today vital medical control is established around the modern points of international exchange. the airports, the network of health information and services has been extended here from the seaport organization. but is this sufficient? how long does it take before a potential epidemic can be detected? from one continent to another, only a few hours' flying time. but cholera takes longer to show itself, and yellow fever three to six days, and the incubation period of smallpox, 7 to 16 days. passengers in a modern plane look perfectly healthy. they are, but how do we know? that little girl, when she got the doll, did she receive germs as well? some

here is the message of the british and american peoples to mankind. let us preach what we practice, that is practice what we preach. [applause] i have now stated the two great dangers which menaced the homes of the people, war entering-y. i have not yet spoken of poverty improvisation which are in many cases the prevailing anxiety. but if the dangers of war in tyranny are removed, there is no doubt that science and cooperation can bring in the next few years to do world, certainly in the next few decades to the world, newly taught in the sharpening school of war, and expansion of material, well-being beyond anything that has yet occurred in human experience. now, at this saddened breathless moment, we are plunged in the hunger in distress which are the aftermath of our stupendous struggle, but this will pass and may pass quickly, and there is no reason accept human folly or subhuman crime which should deny to all nations the inauguration enjoyment of an age plenty. i've often used words which i learned 50 years ago from a great irish american are -- o

we came in peace for all mankind. once again, columbia stands ready to be mated to the salad boosters and external tank for another mission. each orbiter is ready to fly up to 100 missions. astronaut john young, a veteran of the journey and apollo programs. astronaut bob crippen is the space shuttle pilot on the first flight. these are both highly experienced air force aircraft pilots. each step is questioned, tested, solutions are tried, rehearsed and the emergency is again simulated. this is the lesson we have learned over 20 years of manned spaceflight. in the cockpit over the cabin of the shuttle, a pressure shoot -- suit is not necessary. work outside in the near vacuum of space requires a pressure suit. the astronauts flying in a military jet transport are given brief moments of weightlessness as the pilot maneuvers the aircraft. bob crippen experiences this as he works in his pressure suit. he must learn to use tools. the problem of handling things with his gloves on is compounded by weight this flight -- weigh

we came in peace for all mankind. and once again, columbia stands ready to be made into the solid boosters and the external tank. each orbiter is made to be flight for up to 100 missions. astronaut john young, veteran of the chimney and a fellow program, and the spacecraft commander of the first shuttle crew to go into orbit. astronaut bob, space shuttle pilot on the first flight. both of these men experienced the high performance aircraft pilots. young and crippen, to specialists analyzed everything. the procedure of a good test run. each step is questioned. tested. solutions are tried, rehearsed and the emergency is against simulated. ♪ ♪ ♪ this is the lesson we have learned in over 20 years of manned spaceflight. in the cockpit over the cabin of the shuttle, a presser suit is not necessary. work outside in the near space requires a pressure suit. the astronauts flying in the military jet transport are given brief moments of weightlessness as the pilot maneuvers the aircraft. bob crippen experiences this since

of the 15th and 16th centuries, the mastery of the ocean, and for us, it is the determination of how mankind can live in harmony on the finite globe we call earth, while establishing relationships to an infinite space. >> ok, that is on. we are ready for final suit pressure adjustment. james: i am struck with wonder at the energy expended by thousands of people, not only in the united states, but around the world, who have worked long and hard to overcome technical setbacks to make space travel available to astronauts and anyone who wants to journey above our planet into space. the space transportation system they developed introduces the decade of the 1980's to the spaceship columbia, the first of many spacecraft that will be propelled from it not only the top of the expense of expensive one-time boosters, but by a space transportation system that can be used economically over and over again. narrator: our endeavor, guided and informed by history of successes in spaceflight is of immense proportions. 10,000 nasa employees at six research centers across our nation, and other centers in canad

meaning to wit that these various rights that he proffers ought to belong to all mankind should belong to the few. can you imagine, ladies and gentlemen, under this proposed constitution, if it were to be amended by those self- same interested parties, how soon the various progress forwarded could be dissolved. could in every assistance find those straights that colonel mason speak of entirely undone and from that, this bold experiment rendered entirely moot. i'm not opposed to an american bill of rights. yet our constitution can be amended after it is ratified. upon that, i should pray, ladies and gentlemen, to stand with my argument, to ratify this constitution and ensure that its strengths might be forwarded and from that therefore to establish whatever bill of rights with deliberate care. shall the american people be a people of ten liberties, 16 liberties or the unlimited rights of human nature that might be decided now, yesterday and indeed into tomorrow. >> thank you, mr. madison -- >> mr. harris, if i might for just a moment. the idea that a bill of rights is a parchment barrie

habituated from our infancy to trample upon the rights of mankind. we bring the judgment of heaven upon ourselves. and as nations will not be rewarded or punished in the next lifetime as we certainly shall be. they shall meet their just rewards upon this globe. and the laws of impartial providence may insist that through an inevitable chain of cause and effect national sins will be punished by national calamities. here within this document the greatest sin is that it puts a moratorium upon one type of legislation and one type of legislation alone. and that is the end of the trafficking of slaves into this country men there. thought it wise to include but one. reduction within that legislation that we should not touch. that importation of slavery a practice. i debolical trade would which only weakens and perverts this country? this is one of the other great reasons though. it would perhaps prove valuable. to the people of virginia i think instead the one power that ought be at the highest level. to deal with this this subject was instead. robbed of th

a bill of rights, which we have now decided that a modern person deserves, more than anything else, mankind demands it, and yet, within this document, it was entirely ignored. though not ignored in the debate. for those reasons, gentlemen, i urge you caution with this constitution, debate and amendments are necessary. otherwise, we lose ourselves to a new type of monarchy, an elected one, perhaps even more dangerous than the last. >> thank you, mr. mason for your eloquent and learned remarks. as we noted previously, the public debate has now begun. so we will be taking questions from a variety of people who didn't attend the constitutional convention. the very first of them is from one p. henry. and he asks, mr. henry asks, is it wise for virginia to surrender her preeminence and sovereignty to a body of men, congress, who have little in common with the people of virginia? what would happen if congress enacted a law which was unfavorable to the people of virginia? could virginia nullify that law? mr. madison, why don't we begin with you. >> first and foremost, i should think the worthy p. h

we are doing things which have never before been done before in the history of mankind and perhaps will never be done again. 810 w transmitter -- what is -- a 10 watt transmitter, which is a transmitter with slightly more power than a christmas light. it uses -- we were able to communicate from the distance at which jupiter was at what we encountered it, 900,000,000 km. >> how did you get a transmitter of that size? it is such a small transmitter to communicate over such a large distance. >> it is an indication of the type of technology nasa as buildup in order to do these things. >> mr. ramos, is there any opportunity for creativity and your job here at nasa? >> definitely, there is. i feel i am in a unique situation. nasa is doing things that have never been done before, so therefore there is a lot of creativity. ♪ >> [indiscernible] >> people can think back 20 years ago and perhaps laugh at some of the things that buck rogers and other science fiction characters used to do and we can see them coming into being now. ♪ >> engines stopped. >> some of the things -- one of the obvious

that's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. ♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪ across the country and around the world, the apollo 11 crew were welcomed back as heroes. meanwhile, more than 100 scientists from here and abroad began intensive studies of the lunar samples. before project apollo ended, six additional flights to the moon were made, and all but one were highly successful. sky lab was the next manned space flight, launched first was a two-story orbital workshop. then the first of three three-man crews departed to meet, join, and begin living in the orbiting laboratory. those crews would stay 28, 59 and 84 days respectively. one of the major objectives was to find out if astronauts could physically withstand extended stays in space, and continue to do useful work there. the answer was a resounding yes. experiments in astronomy, earth resources observations, materials processing, and crystal growth all proved highly successful. then astp, apollo's test project, a joint endeavor between the soviet union and the united states. the mission called for a mutual docking and crew exchange to d

i mean, we are doing things which have never before been done in the history of mankind, and perhaps will never be done again. if the 10 watt transmitter -- 10 watts is slightly more power than a christmas light uses up. with a 10-watt transmitter, we were able to communicate from the distance which jupiter was at when we encountered, which is about 900 million kilometers. >> how did you get a transmitter of that size? it's such a small transmitter to communicate over such a large distance. >> i think that's the one thing that i was referring to. and that is that it's an indication of the type of technology that nasa has built up in order to be able to do these things. >> tell me, mr. ramos, is there any opportunity for creativity in your job here at nasa? >> definitely there is. i feel that i'm in a very unique situation. like i said before, nasa is doing things that have never been done before and, therefore, there is a lot of creativity. >> 20 feet down, 2 1/2. >> i think people can think back 20 years ago and perhaps laugh at some of the things that buck rogers and the other scie

well i think that we were trying to change society for mankind humanity. i had a firmative commitment to justice and peace and and hope and faith and those ideals i was an idealist. and in order for me to keep moving with that i had to find ways in which i could get rid of that hatred and ugliness that i felt because it wasn't doing much. to anybody but me and i didn't actually come back to south carolina until 1990. and both parents died within a seven-month period of time so i didn't get back and the reason why i didn't get back is i came back to see if i could find a job. and they they had the fbi and those kinds of agencies and local police agencies would always tell the employer that you know, this is the person who who was involved in that riot down there. and so i thought it was important and still think it's important that we clear that up, you know the police shot. i didn't shoot. i didn't provoke the police to shoot they were on the campus. the students were not charging them and they were unarmed so that's what we have. that's the information we

intensifying integration of the world opens up a broad spectrum of favorable opportunities for the future of mankind. first and foremost, it signifies the possibility of creating a global international security system. thus preventing large scale military conflicts like the world wars of the 20th century and facilitating a radical reduction in levels of armaments and reducing the burden of military expendtures. this signifies that the attention and the resources of the world community can be focused on solving problems in nonmilitary areas, such as demography, ecology, food production, energy sources and the like. [ applause ] >> this means new opportunities for economic progress. for ensuring normal living conditions for the earth's growing population. and improving the quality of life. we have, in fact, already started moving in that direction. but the significance of these changes, while a great source of hope, should not blind us to the dangers. some of which we have already encountered. it would be a supreme tragedy if the world, having overcome the 1946 model, were to find itself once again in

throughout history, mankind has been forced to wage battles in order to protect his family or nation against misfortune, disaster or even possible extinction. now sometimes these wars have been, well have been catastrophic. there was the cat aft free of 1918 which a epidemic swept through our own nation as well as the entire world. unlike the battle of nation against nation or humanity against the forces of nature, when man has often had an opportunity to prepare himself, the battles against disease throughout the sentures have found man to combat this enemy after he's infected much of the population. recently you've become aware of a pandemic or a worldwide epidemic which originated in the far east and is now known as asian influenza. because of the alertness and efficiency of the united states public health service, and the world health organization, a detection system, similar to that of the aircraft spotting has been established throughout the world and has enabled us to recognize and follow the progress of asian influenza as it circles the globe. health authorities expect an out

we are doing things which have never before been done in the history of mankind and perhaps will never be done again. a 10 watt transmitter, 10 watts is slightly more powerful than a christmas light, with a 10 watt transmitter, we were able to communicate from the distance from which jupiter was out when we encountered it which is about 900 million kilometers. >> how did you get a transmission of that size in such a small transmitter? to communicate over such a large distance? >> that is the thing i was referring to witches that it is an indication of the type of technology that nasa has built up in order to do these things. courts tell me, mr. ramos, -- >> tell me, mr. ramos, is there creativity in your job at nasa? >> definitely there is. i'm in a different -- unique situation, nasa is doing things different from ever before so there is a lot of creativity. i think people can think back 20 years ago and perhaps laugh at some of the things that science fiction characters used to do and we can see them coming into being now. ♪ one of the obvious things is putting a man on the moon. i

that is one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. >> ♪ >> apollo 11 crew were welcome back -- welcomed back as heroes. . ♪ meanwhile, more than 100 scientists from here and abroad began intensive studies of lunar samples. before project apollo ended, six additional flights to the moon were made. all but one were highly successful. ♪ skylab was the next demand phase -- space flight. a two story orbital workshop. then, the first of 33-man crews departed to meet the orbiting laboratory. those crews would state 28, 59, and 84 days respectively. one major objective was to find out if astronauts could physically withstand extended stays in space and continue to do useful work. the answer was yes. experiments in astronomy, earth resources observation, materials processing, and crystal growth all proved highly successful. then, a stp, apollo's test project, a joint endeavor between the soviet union and the u.s.. the mission called for mutual docking and crew exchange to develop equipment for international space rescues. before, during, and after apollo, skylab, and a stp, nessu

. >> so some people say i have said the highest calling of mankind is to be a private equity professional. some people don't agree. some people say the highest calling is to be a four-star general. so john allen is a four-star general. why do you think four-star generals are are more important than private equity people? >> i have never presented myself as being more important to the country or anybody. here i am. if you think i can do something for you, let's talk about it. if i can, and if you can, i'll do it. and in many occasions in the military, we didn't get this kind of option. powell, go there. powell, go there. you're now a four-star general. you're now a core commander in germany. it made life easier just doing what you were told. when i left it was different. i had choices. i had to take careful look at with my family, with my children and with america's promise alliance. and it zrveed me well and served those people well. but i have no illusions about who i am or where i came from. people who really taught me everything i need to know was chinese military experts from 2,000 ye

she broke all ties with him called him her monster of mankind son and disappeared again to the continent to live out most of the remainder of her life. the story of mary lincoln i find to be a tragic kind of counterpoint to the story of her husband and his memory as he became more and more revered. she became more and more pushed to the side and in her place interestingly a fantasy figure from the past a real girlfriend of lincoln's from his early years and rutledge. we've all heard of she was rediscovered as one of lincoln's early love and she was kind of raced up into almost a position of divine consort next to the great deity of abraham lincoln even as mary lincoln was pushed aside and anathematized a very odd story now i when i show you some slides in a few minutes, i'll tell you more about that. another figure, of course. i didn't mention yet was the figure of william herndon played an extremely important role in the preserving of lincoln's memory. this is lincoln's law partner from from springfield, illinois for 17 years. he devoted to lincoln the year the day of the assassination

i had to mankind's store of knowledge. make them glad you passed this way. and that was john lynn. and that summed him up. i think. . >> i think that's a good place [inaudible] to stop there. thank you. >> and now i think if we could have a couple of questions. don't be bashful. all right, here's one. >> kathy sullivan, you join the program where there is a lot of history, to people in the program now -- and not just astronaut for candidates -- but the everyday worker, do they appreciate the history of the program? you had mentioned wally shirra, if they know who wally shirra was. [inaudible] . >> so the question was do people [inaudible] the technical ranks have an appreciation of the history? yeah, i think it's mixed. as folks in all positions of the space program have been drawn because of the power and the importance and the importance of his story of spaceflight and american spaceflight in particular. that they may not know every single name, the man may not know every single flight, but they know a lot and now serve at, least for the astronaut corps, still does a fairly consc

weapons, since once you start it it's hard to e stop it and it can result in the detrux of literally mankind if it were done to completion. so you have to appreciate that sovereign nations will if they think it's in their interest, violate treaties.e e you have to have a backup whicha convinces them they don'tus dar try to test the united states because the consequences for them would be too significant. >> senator kyle, we have to wih leave it there with y endorseme of peace through strength. it is wonderful to have this chance to chat with you today. we greatly appreciate your voice. it's a voice that we continue to need here in washington d.c. and around the world. it is great to see you. foank you so much. now we'll go to the her tang foundation nuclear deterrence l and missile defense policy analyst, patty jane geller to lead the second portion of our event today. >> awesome. thank you so much. there were great things to say. i thought the audience got a lot out of that.errence i'm patty jane geller here at the heritage foundation. we're shifting now into a panel of esteemed experts who

return on the gleaming wings of science, and what might now shower immeasurable material blessings upon mankind, may even bring about its total destruction. beware, i say; time may be short. do not let us take the course of allowing events to drift along until it is too late. if there is to be a fraternal association of the kind i have described, with all the extra strength and security which both our countries can derive from it, let us make sure that that great fact is known to the world, and that it plays its part in steadying and stabilizing the foundations of peace. there is the path of wisdom. prevention is better than cure. a shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the allied victory. nobody knows what soviet russia and its communist international organization intends to do in the immediate future, or what are the limits, if any, to their expansive and proselytizing tendencies. i have a strong admiration and regard for the valiant russian people and for my wartime comrade, marshal stalin. there is deep sympathy and goodwill in britain -- and i doubt not here also -- toward