columbia is heading for home. now only 470 miles away. >> and john, we are showing you rolling right. looking good. we are showing positive coastline. we are showing you coast to coast now. >> the shuttle is first cited at about 1000 feet, with a long-range camera from andersonville, california. >> one way to come to california. >> roger. that out of 112 k. we see it, >> we see 21 degrees. >> the role reversal is done over in bakersfield, california. ♪ ♪ ♪ that's beautiful. and we are seeing 1.3 gs coming around. >> the astronauts are making the final turn to line up with the runway. >> columbia you're looking good. right on the money. turning on the final. your winds on the surface calm. you are right on the glide slope, columbia. says awful >> looks real good. >> chase reports no tile or other damage evidence underneath the shuttle. columbia's altitude is not just over 5000. feet lead. without power, colombia must land. it cannot make another attempt. >> 20,. five, four, three, two, one, touchdown. five, f

signaled by the flight of "columbia" into earth's orbit. ♪♪ "columbia" is the first of a fleet of ships of the space transportation system. >> houston, "columbia," how do you read? >> the others to follow, names which evoke the spirit of our purpose on this new ocean. "challenger," "discovery," "atlantis." >> the working environment aboard will be quite ordinary. yet the meaning of all of this to us is far from ordinary. >> i think i'm about done here. i'm going to get downstairs and fix us something to eat. >> space shuttle taking as many as four satellites into orbit has the capability of retreating orbiting satellites, repairing them in space or bringing them back to earth. >> okay, houston, "columbia," we had a good eye on alignment. numbers are on the tape. and we did get the verification. >> roger, we copy. >> okay. 205. >> the story in an address to congress say there are moments in history when challenges occur of such a compelling nature that to miss them is to miss the whole meaning of an epic. space is such a challenge. >> i'm james mitchner. for most of my working years on t

we are beginning a new and exciting age, signaled by the flight of columbia into earth's orbit. ♪ columbia is the first of the fleet of ships of the space transportation system. the others to follow, names which evoke the spirit of our purpose on this new ocean, challenger, discovery, atlantis. >> the monitors are all set up. james: the working environment aboard will be quite ordinary. but the meaning of all this to us is far from ordinary. >> let's get downstairs and fix something. james: space shuttle, taking as many as four satellites into orbit has the capability of retrieving orbiting satellites, repairing them in space or bringing them back to earth. >> we have a good i am you -- good imu allignment. >> roger, we copy. james: in an address to congress, it was said that their amendments -- there are moments of history that such challenges occur is to miss the whole meaning of an epic. space is such a challenge. >> for most of my working years on this planet, i have been chronicling the rise and fall of human systems. if there is one thing i am convinced of from years of studying this

columbia. through her we expect much, and now sits our expectation in the air cradled to be mated to the , two solid rocket boosters and the projectile-shaped external tank. >> ok, we are rolling out now! ♪ james: today is the day the shuttle passes through the eye of the needle. aboard the elephantine crawler-transporter, she journeys to pad 39. it is a trip made with deliberate speed. ♪ ♪ james: launch control rehearses, publishes skills, techniques, procedures about day to come. [chatter] wrapped in attention and detail, columbia now is not many days from her destination. two 15,000-foot runways, one in california and the other in florida, will accept the returning ships when operational missions begin. downrange, stations report, and columbia is go for launch. [chatter] >> reading you loud and clear on all circuits. >> [speaking foreign language]. >> [speaking foreign language]. >> bermuda. >> contact houston. contact houston, contact. roger. let me give you a quick change. >> ok, rea

columbia. through her we expect much, and now sits our expectation in the air, cradled, to be made into the two solid rocket boosters and the projectile-shaped external tank. >> okay, we're rolling up now. >> today is the day the shuttle passes through the eye of the needle. aboard the elephantine crawler, she goes to 39. it is a trip made with deliberate speed. ♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪ >> launch control rehearses. polishes skills, techniques, procedures of that day to come. >> roger, right engine. >> you got data back? >> wrapped in attention and detail, columbia now is not many days from her destination. two 15,000 foot run ways, one in california, one in florida, will accept ships when operational missions begin. down range, stations report. and columbia is go for launch. >> loud and clear. >> affirmative, loud and clear on all circuits. >> houston com tech. control houston. ♪♪ >> the countdown has begun. ignition. ♪♪ ♪♪ >> after two minutes of flight, the solid

we are beginning a new and exciting age, signaled by the flight of columbia into earth's orbit. ♪ columbia is the first of a fleet of ships of the space transportation system. the others to follow, names which evoke the spirit of our progress. challenger, discovery, atlantis. >> the monitors are set up. narrator: the working environment aboard will be quite ordinary. yet, the meaning of all this to us is far from ordinary. >> i am going to head downstairs. ♪ narrator: space shuttle, taking as many as four satellites into orbit, has the capability of retrieving orbiting satellites, repairing them in space or bringing them back to earth. >> columbia, we have good alignment. 4:55: 57, the numbers are on the tape, and we did get the verification. >> roger, we copy. >> ok. copy. narrator: historian james a michener in an address to congress said, there are moments in history when challenges occur that such compelling nature, that to miss him is to miss the whole meaning of an epic. space is such a challenge. james: i am james michener. for most of my working years on this planet, i have been

and columbia, but terms which the u.s. would be permitted to build a canal across panama in exchange for 10 million dollars and the annual rental of 250,000 dollars. but before it could be finalized by respective governments, columbia walked and refused to ratify the agreement claiming it would be a rat violation of their sovereignty, which was true. even though the country had every right to reject the treaty roosevelt was furious. appalled that they would turn down the greatest project in the history of civilization. the truth is, roosevelt was generally contemptuous of latin americans anyway. referring to the club he and the government wherein as quote the contents to bill a little creatures and bogota. and as foolish and corrupt. yesterday we may have to give a reason -- a lesson to these jackrabbit's. politically correct, he was not. if anyone dare to mention columbia had every legal right to do what their country would, roosevelt would be furious, and he declared i want that canal, to talk of columbia as a responsibl

roger, columbia, you have your normal capcom. ok. the only bad part is we have to come down, joe. [helicopter] 3, 2, 1. touchdown. [applause] [cheers] touchdown. [anthem plays] [ship horn bellows] ♪ >> that is a good picture -- roger -- [honking] >> 30 weeks later, after columbia had been returned to the kennedy space center, clean, refurbish, and rolled out to the pad, the astronauts flew into space again. while an imaging radar system mapped distant earth, the crew made a test of a canadian-developed mechanical arm that would later replace payloads into and out of orbit. we copy. it looks a little cloudy out here. and we can hear it cranked up on board. >> ok, standby. [beeping] ok, we see fan a on and we would like you to take [applause] [cheers] >> as columbia landed the second time, the circle was complete, a new generation of space travel had begun. [applause] [cheers] ♪ >> beautiful. >> when space shuttle three left the launchpad, it carried an experiment prepared by 18-year-old todd nelson of minnesota to study the effects of weightlessness on insects and space. it is

the first flight into space of shuttle columbia with astronauts at the controls. there was an air of excitement as the brand new shuttle moved from its processing facility at the kennedy space center to the vehicle assembly building where it would be met with rockets and fuel tangs and rolled out to the launch pad. never before had a new spacecraft been flown this way. previous mercury, gemini and apollos were man rated in advance, meaning that unmanned flights were flown before putting an astronaut crew on board. despite nagging problems with engines and protective tiles, there was a quiet optimism. long time space workers knew from past experience with the lunar landing program that design and engineering problems do get worked out. after one false start, astronauts, john young and robert crippin headed for the launch pad. >> goes to the interior. >> columbia's maiden flight would be brief, just 54 1/2 hours, 36 orbits and return to earth but it signalled the beginning of a reusable space transportation system. >> 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, we've got from 8 engine st

columbia points at a discomforted president and shouts mr. lincoln give me my back my 500,000 sons which emins elicits a feeble m response, we, the fact is, by the way, that reminds me of a story. and then a courier and ives campaign running the machine asy lincoln is laughing uproariously at his own jokes white the secretary churns out greenbacks- the best attack, especially potent wasin-c a poorly made cartoon, the soldier's vote on the battlefield, which you also have in yourrlding a cap, a reminder of disguise was said to ha it placed lincoln at the center, in a long cloak and a tartan cap, a reminder of the coward'ss disguise he was said to have ies worn when cutting short his journey to washington as president-elect. several dead bodiesounded are b carried from the field, while an officer everybody dentally mcclellan, tends to a wounded soldier. a distraught figure is back to the era, signals his distress by holding a hand to his eyes.ny. he remmen straightss as the president demands, now, marshal, sing us piccayune butler or something

in the cartoon columbia demands are children, and angrier -- columbia says mr. lincoln, give me back my 5000 sons. the response was the fact is, by the way, that reminds me of a story. the cartoon running the machine has lincoln laughing at his own jokes while the new secretary of the treasury turns out greenbacks. above all, the bogus antietam episode offer the best target of attack. especially potent was a poorly executed cartoon headed commander-in-chief can ciliates the soldiers vote on the battlefield, which you also have in your papers. it places lincoln at the center in a long cloak and holding a cap, a reminder of disguise was said to have worn when cutting short a journey to washington as president-elect. several dead bodies are being carried from the field as an officer tends to a wounded soldier. a distraught figure signals his distress by holding a hand to his eyes. he demonstrates as the president demands, sing us a song or something else that is funny. songbooks routinely deployed this reading of lincoln endeavors -- you may call your -- substitute

in one lithograph, columbia demands her children, which you also have an image of, an angry columbia points at her discomforted president and shouts, mr. lincoln. give me back my 500,000 sons, which elicits a feeble diversionary response, well, the fact is, by the way, that reminds me of a story. and then a link curier and ivs cartoon running the machine has lincoln laughing uproar yously at his own jokes while the new secretary of the treasury churns out greenbacks. above all, the bogus antietam episode offered the best target. especially potent was a cartoon headed the commander in chief conciliates the soldiers vote on the battlefield, which you also have in your papers. it placed lincoln at the center clad in a long cloak and holding a cap, a reminder of the coward's disguise he is said to have worn when cutting short his journey to washington as president-elect. several dead bodies are being carried from the field while an officer, evidently mcclellan, tends to a wounded soldier. a distraught figure is back to the viewer, signals his distress by holding a hand with eyes. he reco

it challenged the dunning school of historians at columbia university and they were part and parcel of the mythology of reconstruction being a dismal failure and embarrassment to the historian of the american democracy. and du bois took on the dunning school. and the chief consultant to our series, it's ironic that he's our leading reconstruction historian at columbia university. it's almost as if -- i think he's about to publish his 10th book on reconstruction on the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments which will be set out in december. it's a personal mission for him to refute the racist claims made by the dunning school, his own predecessors in the history department at columbia and set the record straight. so mcfeely had us read du bois's book and a book by rayford logan. he was the third or the fourth black man to get a ph.d. in history. but he wrote a book called the betrayal of the negro. and it's about the period immediately following reconstruction. reconstruction people argue about it. but generally acceptedxg8+ 1865 to 1877. du bois' bookends in 1877. logan's book begins in 1877.

the chief consultant to our series it's so ironic that he is our leading reconstruction historian at columbia university. it is almost as if, i think he's about to publish his tenth book on reconstruction on the 13th or 14th or 15th amendment which should be out in september. i think it is a personal mission for him to refute the terribly racist claims made by -- his own predecessors in the history department at columbia and set the record straight. he had us read the voices book black reconstruction and then a book by logan. most of you have not heard of logan, the wreath and logan was the third or fourth black man to get a ph.d. in history from harvard. at one time it was engaged to migrate and. so i'm very biased about logan. he wrote a book called the betrayal of the negro, and it is about the period immediately following reconstruction. reconstruction people argue about it but generally it's 1865 to 1877. the voice of the buck ends in 1877. logan's book begins in 1877. that is the period of the rollback, to reconstruction. it takes a while to roll it back because blackmon had an enormous

joseph bakers lithograph, columbia demands that children -- and angry columbia points at the discomforted president and shouts mr. lincoln, give me back my 500,000 sons, which elicits a feeble diversionary response, well, the fact is, by the way, that reminds me of the story. -- above all, the bogus episode of the past attack, especially important was a poorly executed but still arresting cartoon called the commander-in-chief conciliate's and the voters on the field, but you also have in your papers. it places lincoln at the center, clad in a long cloak with a cap, similar to the cowards disguise he was said to wear to washington as president elect. dead bodies are being carried through the field, and mcclelland turns to a wounded soldier. a distraught figure is back to the viewer and signals his distress by holding a hand to his eyes. the president demands, marshall, saying us a song or something else that's funny. the song books routinely deploy the malignant reading of lincoln in their versus. i quote, you make all the black battalions to aid your sinking caused by the substitute of yo

located in georgetown, district of columbia, on the great estate. the tulip poplar is one of the largest and most valuable hardwoods. its spread is unbelievable from connecticut, southern new york, southern ontario, northern ohio. all the way down to louisiana and florida. it's a massive-growth area. this particular tudor place tulip poplar is significant due to its association with georgetown. tudor place was designed by the same architect that designed the large structure across the street, the u.s. capitol. but occupies an extremely prominent location on the south lawn. certainly, among one of the oldest tulip poplars in washington, d.c. and interestingly, tudor place is the only-private property protected by a national park service. here is a local boy or girl. this is union square -- the zelkova. zelkova located just at the bottom of the hill here and union square. the botanic garden elm is an absolutely incredible ornamental shade tree unlike any other tree in the mall. it's significant because its rarity, its longevity. and its association wi

on april 12, 1981, space shuttle columbia lifted off from florida's kennedy space center with two crew members aboard. in celebration of this feat, we start with a 1979 nasa film "where dreams come true." the film highlights the contributions of women and minorities to nasa, and much of the work depicted in the film relates to the fledgling space program, then two years away from its first mission. watch tonight beginning at 8:00 eastern and enjoy american history tv every weekend on c-span3. >>> american history tv on c-span3. every weekend documenting america's story. funding for american history tv comes from these companies who support c-span3 as a public service. >>> up next on american history tv, trail of tears association president jack baker talks about the forced relocation of native americans in the early 19th century. mr. baker, a member of the cherokee nation, also discusses his own family's voluntary mov to oklahoma. the university of oklahoma center for the

on april 12, 1981, space shuttle columbia lifted off with two crew members aboard. in celebration of this feat, we start with a 1979 nasa film, "where dreams come true." the film highlights the contributions of women and minorities to nasa and much of the work depicted in the film relates to the fledgling space shuttle program, then two years kwa from its first mission. watch tonight beginning at 8:00 eastern and enjoy american history tv every weekend on c-span3. >>> c-spanshop.org is there tod of the congressional directory, a compact spiral-bound book with contact information for every member of congress, including bios and committee assignments. also contact information for state governors and the biden administration cabinet. order your copy at c-span shop.org. every c-span purchase helps c-span's nonprofit 0 of ration. operation. >> it's like wanting to be a police man when you grow up, or some days wanting to be a doctor when you grow up. you're told that's not an appropriate goal for a little girl.

some 34 states and the district of columbia have created laws about the use of body cameras, although those laws are very different when it comes to different aspects of its use including privacy concerns, the use of audio and visual. the state by state breakdown from the urban institute about the various laws by state about where body cameras can be used, when they can used, rules for public access, how they can be used, rules on video storage. a lot of issues with body cameras as well. earline is next out of florida. good morning. >> good morning. my first time calling, and i made it, i actually went through and i'm very happy. >> glad you got through, earline. go ahead. >> oh, thank you. i want any of the viewers that are listening right now to check their local police departments, their state, and see what percentage of black honorable men and women are serving in their community as law enforcement officers. i checked, like in indianapolis, 25 or 30% out of 800, possibly, i could be wrong there, just 25 to 30% are black officers out of 800. >> earline, is your point that police de

there's another cartoon, columbia demands her children. here again you have the goddess columbia or liberty saying, mr. lincoln, give me back my 500,000 suns. all these men who have died on the battlefield. in this cartoon lincoln says something he said a lot. the fact is, by the way, that reminds me of a story. a lot of times when people came to lincoln he would say, that reminds me of a story and then he would tell them a funny story. this shows lincoln as an unserious person. as someone who does not grasp what's going on in the war. i august of 1864, lincoln is convinced that he's going to lose. the democrats believed that lincoln might cancel the election, but there is some really strong evidence that he never intended to do that. in one of the pieces of evidence is this document. this is known as the blind memorandum. the reason it's known as the blind memorandum is lincoln took a piece of paper, wrote this out, and then he folded it up and sealed it, and he had his cabinet sign it. they did not know what they were signing. let's look

vogel is responsible for 700 park locations in the district of columbia, maryland, virginia, and west virginia, a 140 million budget, and 1,200 employees. -- a 143 million dollar budget, and 1200 employees. more than 46 million visitors traveled to the region's national parks for recreation, education, inspiration, and relaxation each year, and the national cherry blossom festival is certainly one of the highlights. during his tenure at the national mall and memorial parks, he worked closely with the trust for the national mall to significantly advance the national mall plan and restore the worn turf. he worked with businessman and philanthropist, david rubenstein, to leverage federal and private donors for 15 million repair of the washington monument following an earthquake in august 2011. it ensured protection of the national mall's cherished space while welcoming millions of the people during historic events, including the 57th presidential inauguration, and the 50th anniversary of the march on washington. on behalf of the national park service, he assumed responsibility for new am

he ends up being president of columbia university. and then just as he's really getting full stride enjoying that job. truman calls him back and makes him the supreme allied commander of european forces for the northland tree. he was really enjoying what he was doing at columbia because he felt like he was working to better the lives of people through education in pushing for. peace. and each post he did that was kind of his thing was start looking for the way for a lasting. peace. this lasting piece he's said can't be built slowly on military strength. we have to we have to put the full mind of the nation behind us the education the science. the sacrifice to bank a common gift the role of supreme allied commander. i probably viewed as one of his greatest. as far as driving for peace it was the most important his goal. in the goal of nato at the time was just to provide. western europe with enough protection that the people could become confident themself as i dug out from the from the debris of world war ii. and become start producin

on april 12, 1981, space shuttle "columbia" lifted off. we start with the 1979 nasa film "where dreams come true," highlighting the contribution of women and minorities to nasa and much of the work depicted in the film relates to the fledgling space shuttle program, then two years away from its first mission. watch tonight at 8:00 p.m. eastern and enjoy american history tv every weekend on c-span3. >>> american history tv on c-span3 every weekend documenting america's story, funding for american history tv comes from these companies, who support c-span3 as a public service. >>> in the 1830s under president jackson, the cherokee indians were forcibly removed from their land in the southwest u.s. in what became known as the trail of tears. oklahoma law professor lindsay robertson discusses the issues the, especially the role of chief justice john marshall. the museum of history and culture, co-hosted this event. >> good morning. i'm elizabeth and to introduce our next speaker. lindsay robertson is the author of "conquest by law" that explore

come with us to columbia south carolina and meet south carolina etv. established by the state of south carolina in 1958, initial mission of this company was to export the use of television and other technologies in education. today, as cctv operates 11 tv stations and eight radio stations. >> this company is so money things disown people. we are a public media network, but for some people we are a television station, their comfort on a sunday night, we are a source of news and information, we are a place for educational resources for children. we are a place for resources for teachers in the classroom, we are also a place where people can feel a sense of community. i feel it one of our key roles is to be a convene or around topics that can bring our cooties together and make a stronger. throughout south carolina, we maintain 11 television stations and eight radio stations. we have access to unique set of tools and resources and it's our obligation to use and leverage to provide the best services to the people of south carolina that we can. >> after mor

and a lot to stay in columbia,. and he would eventually run the coup clocks klan out of the county. she kept him from going to union camps would any other confederate prisoner would have been sent to a unique camp. i heard that she was afforded power because the unions people just respected her so much. >> thank. you amnesty right there because our time is short and it is important to say, james k polk announced his video, sarah polk is a widow. how much time does polk -- what happens to sara polk especially during the civil war? >> she becomes a widow. -- until she died at the age of 88. the house that they fixed up for the retirement became a shrine for her husband. she received people. during the civil war, she did not take sides of the mayor came to her and said you know the union is coming into the city. what should i tell the general, the union general she said you may tell him that i am at home. the confederates and the union troops respected her. she did not take sides. she was completely neutral. and she isolated herself into that period prior to the civil war. people put t

there >> i think it is because if you look at places like chile, now quite developed in many ways, columbia getting there in terms of development, you know country like brazil is interesting because on the one hand, it is leading the global economy but with huge distribution difficulties that keep it really more on the developing countryside. if you look at some of the poorest countries in say central america, like guatemala for instance, you're talking about places where you can't even reach the farmers and highlights by highway. and so their problems are trying to build infrastructure so that they can join the 20th century economy, forget the 21st century economy, so yes you've radically different levels of development, but when you think about, it you have radically different levels of development within countries. look at the north of mexico and the interior of the country, there are very different levels of development, even within the countries. >> as a secretary of state think of human differently as part of the region because of the domestic policies and the relationships? >> i thin

space shuttle columbia lifted off from florida's kennedy space center with two crew members aboard. we start with a 1979 nasa film, "where dreams come true." the film highlights the contribution of women and minorities to nasa and much of the work depicted in the film relates to the fledgling space program. watch tonight beginning at 8:00 eastern and enjoy american history tv every weekend on c-span3. c span's new online store. go there today to order a copy of the congressional directory a compact, spiral bound book with contact information for every member of congress, including bios and committee assignments. also contact information for state governors and the biden administration cabinet. order your copy at c-spanshop.org. every purchase helps support c-span's nonprofit operation. >>> well, the history of gaming in nevada, you could say, in a sense, begins primarily in reno. the northern part of the state was predominant up in the 1950s. you have to remember that las vegas wasn't incorporated until 1905, so actually, there was very little gaming in the southern part of the stat

the missionary grandson he went to law school in columbia and like all these other missionary grandsons came back to hawaii just imbued with 19th century american racism. just plain old get down racism. well, they formed this hawaiian league which as they begin taking more revolutionarily became the committee of safety trying to make a comparison to the american revolution in 1776. there was at that time warships and honolulu harbor now the japanese all had a big presence in hawaii. in fact kalakawa in his waning years realized hawaii is too too small and two week to ever make it go of it as an independent country. it must one day belong to the united states or belong to japan. and here we have the japanese crews are naniwa which was the largest most powerful cruiser in the world when it was launched and the uss boston next next to it. now. you see the american cruiser still has sailing mass in case the engines failed the japanese were past that boston had eight inch guns none. i had 10 inch guns if they had gotten into a fight. i don't think there's any question who would have won. wel

learn the politics of history and stated columbia to earn a phd in history. and from there spent the next 16 years teaching history law and african-american studies at the university of michigan. and in 197 in 2017, she came to baltimore as the black alumni presidential professor and at johns hopkins university. there since then she has earned too many awards to mention. so let me just say she is an acclaimed scholar and in 2019 her alma mater the cuny school of law awarded her a doctor of law on an honorary basis and each spring. i she she and her husband who is french go back and forth across the atlantic, although they haven't been able to do that this year, but she is definitely a citizen of the world. and so we are very honored to have dr. martha jones. share with us. what really is the impact of black women? who now have the right to vote and will fight every day to make sure that every person has a right to vote on the politics of this democracy. thank you to you jane and to the us capitol historical society. i'm extremely honored to have been a part o

district court for the districtof columbia. her tenure on the sentencing commission, the issue of criminal sentencing is one that is deeply important to me and i'm sure to my colleague senator grassley. as a sentencing commission member and as a federal judge who has handed down sentences, judge jackson has faced the often difficult questions inherent in that responsibility. she will bring that experience to bear on the d.c. circuit. the second is more broadly her record on the federal bench. judge jackson has shown time and again in her decisions that she is guided not by ideology or preferred outcome but by a steadfast belief in approaching every case with fairness and im partiality. we see that reflected in the comments of those who have served with her. she's won praise including from d.c. circuit judge thomas griffith, a george w. bush appointee, who wrote to the commit in support of her nomination. he wrote, and i quote, although she and i have sometimes differed on the best outcome of a case, i have always respected her

there is no marker in nashville except plaque on the side of a dirty motel wall his old home place in columbia is preserved and i had been there many times and have been there since but i knew virtually nothing about him and and almost nothing that was good. i mean his reputation is result result of what was done. to him during his presidency over the mexican-american war left him a bad reputation reputation as warmonger and and and the attacks on him in congress in the latter latter days of his administration. reminded me a great deal of the attacks on lyndon johnson. at the end of his administration over the vietnam war similarities there. james k. polk was president when and tell us the four things that he promised to do. we'll go back and go all the details before the four things. he promised to do well it was president from 1844 one year president by his choice. he said i will not run for election and he would not accept. any suggestion and many democrats pushed him to run again. on the on about the week of his inaugural. he told his friend george bancroft who was to be a sector in navy g

on april 12, 1981, space shuttle columbia lifted off from florida's kennedy space center with two crew members aboard. in celebration of this feat, we start with a 1979 nasa film "where dreams come true." the film highlights the contributions of women and minorities to nasa and much of the work depicted in the film relates to the fledgling space shuttle program. watch tonight, beginning at 8:00 eastern and enjoy american history tv every weekend on c-span3. >>> c-spanshop.org, go to order a copy of the congressional directory, a compound spiral bound book with contact information for every member of congress, including bios and committee assignments. also contact information for state governors and the biden administration cabinet. order your copy at c-spanshop.org. >>> up next, stony brook history professor paul kelton talks about how cal cholera spread. we talked with him at the annual meeting in sacramento, california, in 2018. >> paul kelton, professor of history at stonybrook university and the author of a number of books, including "epidemics and enslavements." let's talk about t

aftermath of that, the very institute of justice did a study and found that 34 states, and the district of columbia, passed 79 laws on police reform in the two years after ferguson. and so there was a flurry of activity at that time to pass laws on things like body-worn cameras, on training for police, on what's called crisis intervention team training of handling individuals with mental health problems. so there has been a forward movement of some kind in recent years. but in the aftermath of george floyd's tragic death last summer, there has been movement forward. and, in fact, national conference of state legislatures has totalled up and said that 30 states have passed 140 laws or a little more than that in the policing area just since last may. but i said that the terrain has shifted now because despite the -- all the attention that has been focused on this area by states and also local governments in changing laws, the attention with the verdict last week of not only our country but the international global community has really been fixed on why policing in their view is still broken and what

we are beginning a new and exciting age, signaled by the flight of columbia into earth's orbit. ♪

and then later on i knew him extremely well, he was here at columbia and was you know, i saw him all the time and we had long walks in the woods and conversations about the about the the revolution and so forth but he you know, i ask him about this specifically. and he told me that that's he didn't. tell everybody that you know, i he had done a deal with the opposition. which was supposed to he was supposed to be we're supposed to have certain name generals who would leave on the plane with the shaw. he had worked this out with the opposition that the guys they wanted to get rid of in the military. and i told sullivan that i had seen i thought almost all of the cables and that were important during that period of time and i said but build the only time i learned about that decision that you take in was in your memoirs long after everything was over and he said, yep. that's right. yeah, but i i have another and maybe a little more nuanced version with i mean i mean i was living with the man. all the time. i saw him almost every day. by the i think he was a very courageous man. he was

they felt like he had gotten educated at columbia to develop an important profession and playing baseball was not what they had in mind. but eventually they did warm up to it and realized that -- what a fantastic player and superstar he could be. we have here a song, the original sheet music, i can't get to first base with you, in which the lyrics were co-written by lou gehrig's wife. this did not sell particularly well. this is just part of our massive baseball song collection. we have probably the largest collection of baseball music in the country. at the time, this is towards the end of the tin pan alley era which is a period where up to 80 baseball songs a year were being produced. it's not too surprising that mrs. gehrig would actually take a stab at song writing. we also have examples of jewish players in these baseball cards here. jim thorpe, there were about 47 american indians who played in the major leagues before world war ii. he was perhaps one of the best known. latinos and latin american immigrants have had a huge impact in baseball. what's interesting with this little book

on april 12, 1981, space shuttle columbia lift off from florida's kennedy space center with two crew members aboard. in celebration of this feat we start with the 1979 nasa film "where dreams come true." the film highlights women and minorities' contributions to nasa. watch tonight beginning at 8:00 eastern and enjoy american history tv every weekend on c-span3. >>> american history tv on c-span3. every weekend documenting america's story. funding for american history tv comes from these companies who support c-span3 as a public service. >>> up next, stony brook history professor paul kelton talked about how cholera spread in the 1830s, affecting millions of people, including native americans. we talked to him at the native historians meeting in sacramento, california in 2018. >> paul kelton, professor of history at stony brook university and the author of many books including "epidemics of enslaved men." let's talk about cholera. what was it and how widespread was it in the 1800s? >> the cholera epidemic was one of the firsob

on april 12, 1981, space shuttle columbia lift off from florida's kennedy space center with two crew members aboard. in celebration of this feat we start with the 1979 nasa film "where dreams come true." the film highlights the contributions of women and minorities' contributions to nasa. watch tonight beginning at 8:00 eastern and enjoy american history tv every weekend on c-span3. >>> american history tv on c-span3.éñ every weekend documenting america's story. funding for american history tv comes from these companies who support c-span3 as a public service. >>> up next, stony brook history professor paul kelton talked about how cholera spread from southeast asia to europe to the americas in 1830s, affecting millions of

this is a columbia and gulf railroad car from 1929. and you can see the word colored. on those back seats the automobile gave african-american's freedom free black travelers from the tyranny of the jim crow railroad car and bus it offered freedom of movement and it offered dignity. african-american americans found that the segregated trains that gave them no dignity and here. well, here's your own private rolling living room right if you were driving in your own car you had a private space. it was protected you were you were freed from that segregated insults. you were freed from listening to the bus driver tell you to move to the back of the bus you were freed from the railroad car. that might be right behind the engine. so this was really an important change in african-american life the automobile. by the 1950s with the interstate highway system. upwardly mobile black families were able to travel and become travel consumers. and they started to consume travel just as they consumed things like refrigerators and televisions and coffee percolators. they used the dollars

space shuttle "columbia" lifted off with two crew members aboard. we start with the 1979 nasa film "where dreams come true." the film highlights the contributions of women and minorities to nasa. then two years away from its first mission. watch tonight beginning at 8:00 eastern, and enjoy american history tv every weekend on c-span 3. >>> american history tv on c-span 3. funding for american history tv comes from these companies who support c-span 3 as a public service. >>> each week american artifacts takes you to museums and historical places to learn about american history. we look at the national debate over the 1830 removal and its impact on southern tribes. the curator leads us through the gallery after an introduction in the americans' exhibit. >> the exhibition is called "americans" and it is built on a paradox, a riddle. and the paradox is this -- in 2018 the united states is a country of 230 million people and american indians are perhaps 1% of that population. most americans live in urban and suburban areas, parts of the country where th

on april 12g9, 1981, space shuttle "columbia" lifted off from kennedy space center with two creigh members on board. in celebration of this feat, we start with the 1979 nasa film "where dreams come true." much of the work depicted in the film relates to the fledgling space shuttle program, then two years away from its first mission. enjoy "american history tv" every weekend on c-span3. >>> "american history tv" on c-span3. every weekend documents america's story. funding for "american history tv" comes from these companies who support c-span3 as a public service. >>> next on "american history tv," a session from a conference titled "john marshall, the supreme court and the trail of tears." chuck whose skin juror your talks about the tribe's history following their removal from the southeast to present day oklahoma. he describes how the cherokee rebuild and strengthen their culture despite much adversity. >>> it's now my great pleasure to introduce chief emeritus kenneth adams. as was mentioned earlier today, chief adams serves on preservation virginia's board of trustees, and it was at his