carter took to the cemetery at gettysburg. he had a shabbat dinner at camp david with the israeli delegation. he autographed photographs for the grandchildren. john baker learned that lesson taking the foreign minister minister of the show via union -- soviet union to his ranch for german unification. george mitchell learned the agreement, setting good friday as the deadline. carter set the 15th day as the deadline forcing everybody to decide do we want to walk away from this or make peace? next, carter realized the most inflexible person on the israeli team was none other than the prime minister himself. he went around him at camp david . critically, the legal advisor. a photograph of each of the grandchildren the 13th day and he said no more compromises, i'm going home. he autographed the photographs, handed them his photographs and put his bags down and made one last try. carter also recognized by contract saddam was the most flexible on his delegation. his own foreign minister resigned in the middle of camp david. he had t

i see this all the time on the battle of gettysburg. on that battlefield the majority of the more than 1,000 monuments and markers remember the union regiments and units that fought there. and there are some, there are some peculiar union monuments. there's a monument to the 42nd of new york very close to the angle on cemetery ridge -- [laughter] that that shows an indian chief and a tepee. you're thinking, wait a minute, they've got the wrong war? the answer is no, this was the tamany regiment raised by tammy hall and, of course, the symbol is chief tamany. people look at it and they say 42nd of new york. when that was put up, the dedication ceremonies preached the justice and righteousness of the unionon cause and of people who weree there saying, yes, that's right. we were in the right, it was a moral cause, it was marvelous and wonderful, and we embraced it.ca it's a memorial to our troops. all right. that generation dies off. another generation, they come to gettysburg, they look at that monument and they say that's a monument to t

i see this all the time on the battle of gettysburg. on that battlefield the majority of the more than 1000 monuments and markers remember the union regiments and units that fought there there are some acutely or union monuments. there's a monument to the 42nd new york very close to the angle on cemetery ridge and the monument to the 42nd new york shows an indian chief in a tv at your thinking wait a minute, did they get the wrong war and the answer is no. this was the tammany regiment raised by tammany hall and of course the symbol of tammany hall is chief tammany so you've got a monument anthere and people look at it and they say 42nd new york. the dedication ceremonies for that preached the justice and righteousness of the union cause and the people who directed that monuments were the veterans of the regiments and they were there saying yes, we were in the right. it was a moral cause. it was marvelous and wonderful and we embrace it. it's a monument to our troops . followed by the grandchildren of those soldiers. they come to gettys

it was a close run thing at gettysburg. it's also true about gettysburg. he came very very close to success. it was not a rash decision and it was not an unprincipled and thoughtless decision. it almost worked and i have say this bluntly i for one and grateful that it did not because the consequence of that if we had been successful at gettysburg oh my goodness the army of the potomac having been beaten on so many fields so many times could very likely have gone to pieces. lee had a full and open field in front of him. there would have been a demand for peace negotiations. alexander stevens the vice president of the confederacy was on the boat in the chesapeake day waiting to come to washington and what would he have said the abraham lincoln if he had and we would have had a balkanized north america. if the north and the south divided do you think it would have stopped there? no. there would have been a civic confederacy and we would have had in north america almost a repeat of always on the balkans in the 1990s and then, and then what would have been avai

we don't have time to get into gettysburg. let's focus specifically on that third day when the battle was truly lost. it arrived and i'm sure a lot of people in this audience have been to gettys burg. you really see the exact expanse it was expected to cover. it'll really pretty breathtaking when up there. long street says this is crazy. 15,000 men could not take this position. he does it any way. can you talk about what was he thinking in that battle. what was his strategic decisions. what figured into that moment in the war. >> a lot of people ask this question. they are at the angle looking out towards seminary ridge and the virginia monument. they say what could he have been thinking. you're going to send soldiers across that open area and they will get slaughtered. what was the result. the result was defeat. people think what could lee have possible been thinking. maybe there was something that was in thiz thinking. people suggested lee was suffering health problems and that effects his clarity, those decision making proc

i see this all the time in the battle of gettysburg. on that battlefield the majority of the more than 1,000 monuments and markers remember the union regiments and units that fought there. there are some peculiar union monuments. there's a monument to the 42nd new york very close to the angle on cemetery ridge. the monument to the 42nd new york shows an indian chief and a tepee. wait a minute. did they get the wrong war? the answer is no. this was the regiment of taminy hall. you have a monument there. when that was put up, the dedication ceremonies for that preached the justice and righteousness of the union cause. the people who erected that monument were the veterans of the regiment. it was a moral cause. we embraced it. it's a memorial to our truth. that generation dies off. followed by another generation. grandchildren of those soldiers. they look at that monument and they say, that's a monument to the 42nd new york. my grandfather fought in the 42nd new york. they don't have quite the fizz about things that the original soldiers d

i see this all the time at the battle of gettysburg. on that battlefield, the majority of the more than 1000 monuments and markers, they remember the union regiments and units that fought there. and there are some peculiar union monuments. there is a monument to the 42nd new york, very close to the angle on cemetery ridge. the 42nd new york shows an indian chief in a tp, and you are thinking, wait, have they got the wrong war? and the answer is no. this is the new tammany regiment raised by hall and of course the symbol of tammany's chief and you've got a monument there and people say, okay, 42nd new york. when that was put up the dedications come out for that. and they preach the justice and righteousness of the union cause. and the people who directed that monument where the event runs of the regiment. and they said, yes, that's right, we were in the right and it was a moral cause and it was marvelous and wonderful and it's a memorial to our troop. all right, that generation dies off. followed by another. then their grandchildren of t

from bunker hill to bellow woods, gettysburg to imo jima. each understood the price of freedom, and each shouldered that burden on our behalf. our veterans represent the best of america. you're the spine of america, not just the backbone. you're the spine of this country. all of us, all of us, owe you. so on veteran's day and every day we honor that great debt and commit ourselves to keeping a sacred obligation as a nation, to honor what you have done, we have many obligations to our children, to our elderly, to those truly in need. i have gotten in trouble way back when i was young senator for saying we only have one truly sacred obligation. we have many obligations, but one truly sacred obligation to properly prepare and equip those that we send into harm's way and care for them and their families when they are deployed and when they return home in is a life-time sacred commitment. it never expires. and for me and for jill and for the entire biden family it is personal. when beau was deployed to iraq after spending six months in kosovo, tr

. >> anthony: you were at the battle of tompkins square park, which is sort of the gettysburg of the lower east side. i remember it had essentially become clogged with nodding junkies, homeless people who set up permanent camps. >> clayton: it was dangerous. >> anthony: it was genuinely dangerous. when the police came down and decided to clean the park, the question is, who won? >> clayton: well, in the beginning, we did. >> it's our [ bleep ] park. it's our [ bleep ] park. it's our [ bleep ] park! >> clayton: you know you have to remember in 1988 they couldn't close a 10 1/2-acre square park on the lower east side. not with 450 riot cops, horses, helicopters. they couldn't do it. >> clayton: there were big bonfires on the middle of avenue a, buses couldn't come down, cars couldn't come down, they were stuck. >> anthony: you were on the news a lot, i remember, you were the most despised man in -- nypd, you were not their favorite photographer, let's put it that way. ♪ >> clayton: this went on for four years. there were multiple riots, hundreds of arrests. four years here of real, s

. >> well we were not a nation and lincoln in the gettysburg address, our fathers brought forth and on this continent a new nation but in the brought together a federation of sovereign states much like the confederacy of 1861. the league of nations and take a bit of almost take to get us to the constitution, is really the constitution that you're asking about and how long did the founders think the constitution would last read and jefferson that should last no more than ten years, every ten years and should be redone in every generation needed to rethink it every generation needs to be sovereign and of course that could have been of recipe for anarchy and is not happy with it. medicine himself was asked the question in 1829, how long will it last. he's no man by then he said if you're really lucky, 100 years so that would've meant 1929 so the question is, the founders would be stunned that we still have the same document that they drafted and obviously with amendments and they would've thought that we would have at least one or two or three major revisions and i'm showing my bias here

lincoln was wrong in the first sentence of the gettysburg address, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, they brought together sovereign state much like the confederacy of 1861, a league of nation. it's really the constitution you are asking about, how long dohi the founders think the constitution would last? jefferson battleship last no more than ten years, every ten years it should be redone. every generation needed to rethink it, every generation needed to be sovereign. of course that could affect a recipe for anarchy in madison was not happy with it. madison himself was asked in 1829, how long will it last? is no man by then and he says if we are lucky, 100 years so that would have meant 1929 so the question is right to think the founders would be stunned we still have the same documentaf they drafted. obviously it was amended and they thought we would have had at least one or two or three major revisions and i'm showing my own personal bias but for example, they be absolutely stunned to believe we still have the electoral college was never none of them really

together found that their fears and doubts were not so strong as their faith, and in national tryings like gettysburg, we memorialize the men on both sides who gave of themselves unreservedly for what they believed to be right. remember and be proud. >> we never really had a racial reckoning. the problem started first immediately after the war. if you want north and south to get together and get along again, you don't talk about causes and consequences. you talk about the mutual valor on that battlefield. >> why doesn't that confederacy, which only lasted four years, just go away? the racial reasons are paramount, but it also has do with this idea that the confederacy was a dissent. man, they went to the limit, and they deserve respect for all that courage. they claim after they lost that they were only reacting to the overreach of centralized federal power, and there's a kind of admiration for that still in our culture. ♪♪ >>> james mcgil settled this farm almost 200 years ago. i feel like i followed in his foot steps. my wife raised the children. i always ever worked. of course, the government

proud change of patriots that has stood in the defense of our country from bunker hill to bello woods, gettysburg and iwo jima, the chosin reservoir and each stood the price of freedom and each shouldered that burden on our behalf. the our veterans represent the pest of america. you are the very spine of america, not just the backbone. you're the spine of this country and all of us owe you so on veterans day and every day we honor that great debt and recommit ourselves to keeping our sacred obligation as a nation to honor what you've done. we have many obligations to our children and to our elderly, to those truly in need, but i've gotten in trouble way back when i was a young senator for luis aliceaing we only one true sacred obligation, many obligations but one truly sacred obligation, to properly prepare those and equip those who we send into harm's way and care for them and their families while they are both deployed and when they return home. this is a lifetime sacred commitment. it never expires, and for me and for jill and for the entire biden family it's personal. when beyou a was deploye

bella gettysburg. shows the reservoir our ballot. >> he each understood the price freedom and showing that burger. i that. >> the best of america. you very of america, not just the back the spine. of this country. >> all. >> so i and day we honor great >> recommit ourselves to keep our sacred obligation as a nation. on what you've done. we have not our children to our those julian i got in trouble way back when i was younger. stand up for saying we only have one. >> truly say an allegation. one truly sacred obligation. probably every we said the harms way. and care for that of their families. they're both and whether return home. this is a lifetime sacred and never expire. jailed for an entire biden family. when both deployed after spending 6 months in kosovo. as an assistant u.s. attorney trying to trying set up a criminal justice. >> i got a call from one day. he said that when you do on friday. i said what you need when says i like it my arsenal. i said what in the heck have you done. he says someon

know, however, he returned to the city on july 12th from a frustrated effort to cover the battle of gettysburg, and years later, he told his biographer he had witnessed and sketched some of the violent events. if any of the 11 harper's engravings of the riot was based on his work, it was the full page illustration of theylum fe 1st issue. nast knew the asylum neighborhood well, having lived on west 44th street until 1862. with an additional week for publication and for production for publication, the dramatic and detailed illustration captured the scale of the asylum's grounds fronting fifth avenue and was more evocative than the pictures in leslie's and the illustrated news. its delineation of the rioters and victims and the narrative it conveyed, however, was less reliable. in accordance with the story telling strategies of news engravings, the picture book compressed and extended the narrative of the event into one image. but aside from the very few women shown among rioters and spectators in the foreground, engraving presumably based on nast's sketch also portrayed scattered attacks on afr

however, that he returned to the city on july 12th from a frustrated effort to cover the battle of gettysburg. years later, he told his biographer that he had witnessed and sketched some of the violent events. in any of the 11 harpers engravings are based on the work of thomas nast, it is the full page illustration of the burning asylum, featured in the august 1st issue. nasty view the asylum well, having lived on west 84th street until 1862. the dramatic and detailed illustrations captured the scale of the asylum and was more evocative of the events then in leslie's and the illustrated news. it depicts a narrative that is less reliable, however, in accordance with the storytelling strategies of news engraver's, the picture both compressed and extend the narrative of the events. but aside from the very few women shown among riders. and spectators in the foreground, the engraving presumably based on that sketch also portrayed scattered attacks on african american children fleeing the burning building. there were 233 young wards, escaped by a side entrance, where they were threatened by a crowd

for two hours lincoln waited to give the poignant closing words and today of course we recognize the gettysburg address is perhaps the greatest moment of president speech in history. and people didn't necessarily see the speech that way at the time he was not the speech or speaker in front of fact that lincoln's greatness will not recognize at the time in general. you have to remember that when lincoln became president, he had on certain public office for ten years. country style address and his mannerisms and his self-education, all that meant that lincoln was looked upon with some degree of on intention from the eastern leaks in the country perhaps not much was expected from the presidency. however today there is little dispute and i would look at this as a debate not a science and there are no laws, no findings, no discoveries and instead of people making an argument that it may or may not be persuasive to you and i think that's important to know when you think about the presidential greatness because five different ways of measuring presidential greatness and what we will see is in these po

think the speech is certainly -- and have imagery -- one thing we are waiting about is [inaudible] the gettysburg address as a speech. so i think you can really see how it's in specific focus, its impact on the, audience more conservative, -- evangelicals but it's incredibly straightforward. >> and what did you get from the speech writers? because this is something a lot of you guys are going to be doing, maybe not quite president. but i guarantee you that some of you in the years ahead of you will be doing internships, maybe work for advocacy groups and some of you will be writing speeches. so what do you get out of these two, one by a republican and won by democrat? >> [inaudible] one is their opinion and one has input and [inaudible] but it doesn't matter [inaudible] and each politician has a different agenda. but also proofreading is especially important. [inaudible] >> yes, and in the case of the tocqueville quote, there was [inaudible] -- >> noonan specifically reminded me of language -- [inaudible] and the noonan uses colorful imagery [inaudible] preventing that and didn't want it to be --

which when we're reading it it doesn't seem like that, but when you apply it to a specific audience the gettysburg address is an entirely different speech. you can see how focused the speech was on the audience, just more conservative but so incredibly like straightforward and very narrow. >> true. and what did you get from the speechwriters because this is something a lot of you guys are going to be doing maybe not for a president. but i guarantee you some of you in the years ahead are going to be doing internships maybe for a politician, maybe for an advocacy group. and some of you are going to be writing speeches. so what did you get out of these two chapters, one by a republican or a democrat? >> i think in those cases they want their own ideas emphasized in those speeches. it didn't matter whether you're a democrat or republican. it feels like each politician has a different agenda, but also proofreading is extremely important. >> yes. again, in the quote there was a proofreading fail. yeah, and that is a cause of tension in the speech writing process between the policy experts and the people

in liberty -- which when we're reading it it doesn't seem like that, to that specific audience, the gettysburg address entirely different speech so i think it's you can really see how specifically focussed the whole entire speech was on the audience. just more conservative rather than only conservative evangelicals but incredibly like straightforward and very narrow. >> sure. what did you get from the speech writers? because this is something a lot of you guys are going to be doing. maybe not for a president. but i guarantee you that some of you in the years ahead are going to be doing entrepreneurs, maybe for a politician. maybe for an ad advocacy group. and some of you are going to be writing speeches. so what did you get out o these two chapters? one by a republican, one by a democrat. >> i think in nose cases. -- and especially wants to have their own ideas emphasized in their speeches. it doesn't matter whether you are a democrat or republican. it feels like each politician has a different agenda. but also proof reading is extremely important. >> yes. yes. and again in the case of the --

a beautiful proclamation which i urge you to go back and read which it was just after the battle of gettysburg and the tide of the war turned and looked like the union was going to win and lincoln talked about americans coming together as one people and celebrating with one voice. it's a lovely image and one that we could heed today. >> totally needed it then and need it now. >> that's right. >> then after lincoln's death hale did not give up. she just continued to write to the presidents for the rest of her life and that was johnson, grant and then hayes, i believe, and they all followed suit and and by then the tradition had caught on. >> powerful woman. that's terrific. let's take questions from the audience. we have a couple questions appear, kiersten has the microphone. >> thank you very much. that was wonderful. you begin by talking about yourself as an author. is this on? in the book you talk about the influence that says just hale had on what it means to be an author in america and i'm wondering if you could talk a little bit more about that. >> yeah, before hale, being an author of a

day in a beautiful proclamation i urge you to go back and read, which it was just after the battle of gettysburg and the tide of the war had turned and looked like the union was going to win. lincoln talked about americans coming together as one people in celebrating as one voice. it's a lovely image in one that we could heed today. >> right. we . we desperately needed then and we need it now. that's terrific. >> and then after lincolns death, hale was indefatigable. she didn't give up. she continued to write to the president's for the rest of her life and that was johnson, grant and then hayes i believe, and that all followed suit. and by then the tradition had caught on. >> a powerful woman. that's terrific. why don't do we take somes from the audience? we have a couple questions appear. kirsten has the mic. >> thank you very much that was wonderful. she began by talking about yourself as an author, and in the book you talk about the influence that sarah josepha hale had being an influence on offer. what if you talk more about that? >> before hale, being an author of the book was usually a pri

and a beautiful acclamation which i urge you to go back and read and it was just after the battle of gettysburg and there was a time when the war had turned and it looks like a win and lincoln talks about americans coming together as one people celebrating with one voice. it is a lovely image and ones that we could see today. that is right. but after lincoln's death, he did not give up, she was beginning to write the president for the rest of her light in the consonant printed and take a believe and then they all followed suit and then by then the traditions have caught on. >> is a powerful's woman. horrific and when we take questions from the audience we have a couple of questions appear and there is the microphone. >> thank you very much, that was wonderful and he began by talking about yourself as an author. in the book, you talk about the influence that the helipad on what it means to be an author in america and was wondering if you could talk a little bit more about this yes, before hail, being an author was usually a pretty private undertaking and that it was neither self published or you

in a beautiful proclamation which i urge you to go back and d read, it was just after the battle ofs gettysburg and the tide of the war had turned and it looked like the union was going to win and lincoln talked about americans coming together as one people and celebrating with one voice. it's a lovely image and one that we could heed today. we definitely need it and then and we need it now. >> that's really terrific. >> powerful woman. >> when we took some questions from the audience. we have a quick couple of questions up here. >> he began by talking about yourself as an author. in the book you talk about the influence that sarah josepha hale had on what it means to be an author in america, i was wondering if you could talk a little bit more about that. >> before hale, being an author of the book was usually a private undertaking you either self publish or find somebody who would stake you and publish, for example, ÃÃfirst book of poetry was published by contributions from his fellow cadets at west point. hale's first book was published because of the freemasons, but the money. hale thought

beautiful proclamation which i urge you to go back and read, which it was just after the battle of gettysburg and the tide of the war had turned, it looked like the union was going to win. >> right. >> and lincoln talked about americans coming together as one people and celebrating with one voice. it's a lovely image and one that we could heed today. >> right. we desperately needed it then and need it now. that's right, that's terrific. >> after lincoln's death, hale was indefatigable. she didn't give up, she continued to write to the presidents for the rest of her life, that was johnson, grant, and then hayes, i believe. and they all followed suit. and by then, the tradition had caught on. >> powerful woman. terrific. all right. why don't we take some questions from the audience. we have a couple of questions up here. kirstin's got the mic. >> thank you very much, that was wonderful. you began by talking about yourself as an author. and in the book you talk about the influence that sarah josepha hale had on what it means to be an author in america. i was wondering if you could talk a little

it was just after the battle of gettysburg. and the tide of the war had turned then it looked like the union was going to win. and lincoln talked about americans coming together as one people in celebrating as one voice. it's a lovely image and one that we could heed today. >> right. that's really terrific. >> hale was indefatigable. that she didn't give up and continue to write presidents during her life. johnson, grant, others. the tradition caught on. >> a powerful woman. that's terrific. why don't we take some questions from the audience. we have a couple of questions up here, we have mics. >> thank you so much, that was wonderful. you begin by talking about yourself as an author. and in the book you talk about the influence that josepha hale had on what it means to be an author. i was wondering if you talk more about that. >> before hale, being an author of a book was usually a private undertaking. it was -- you would either self publish or you would find somebody who would take you and publish. for example, the first book

each of our veterans is a link in a proud chain that has stood for the defense of our country, from gettysburg to iwo jima. each understood the price of freedom and shouldered that burden on our behalf. our veterans represent the best of america. you are the spine of america. all of us owe you. on veterans day, and every day we honor that great that and recommit ourselves to giving our sacred obligation as a nation, we honor what you have done. we have many obligations. i would have gotten in trouble when i was a young senator for saying we only have one truly sacred obligation -- to properly prepare and equip those we send into harm's way and care for the and their families while they are deployed and when they return home. this is a lifetime sacred commitment. it never expires. for me, for joe, for the entire family, it is personal. when both -- beau was deployed to iraq, after spending six months in kosovo trying to set up a criminal justice system, eight got a call from him one day. he said, dead, what are you doing friday? he said, i would like you to pin my bars on. someone has got to fi